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Power and the People > English Civil War > Flashcards

English Civil War Flashcards

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1
Q

How did religion cause the English civil war?

A
  • anti-Catholic mood (plots)
  • Archbishop Laud
  • rise of Puritanism
  • sect emergence and flourishing
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2
Q

Guy Fawkes’ Plot

A
  • 1605

* Catholic

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3
Q

Describe Archbishop Laud

A
  • one of Charles I’s chief advisors
  • high church- accused of trying to unite the Anglicans and the Catholics
  • many people thought he was Catholic, or favoured Catholics over Anglicans
  • behind New Prayer Book
  • married to Catholic
  • converted to Catholicism on death-bed
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4
Q

Describe the rise of Puritanism

A
  • 1620
  • Puritans sailed aboard the Mayflower to America
  • searching for religious freedom
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5
Q

Describe sect emergence

A
  • Baptists
  • Anabaptists
  • Quakers
  • Muggletonians
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6
Q

How did politics cause the English civil war

A
  • divine right of kings- Charles’ belief that he should be able to rule without parliament
  • Charles was not strong
  • ruled between 1629 and 1640 without parliament
  • had to recall parliament to allow taxes to fund war against the Scots who opposed the new prayer book (scuffle in Edinburgh)
  • gentry ridiculed Charles and asserted the right of parliament
  • ‘no taxation without representation’
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7
Q

What is Frank McLynn’s quote regarding Charles I

A

‘weak, vacillating, autocratic, devious, duplicitous and even treacherous’

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8
Q

How did the role of the individual cause the English civil war?

A
  • John Hampden
  • John Pym
  • Oliver Cromwell
  • John Lilburne
  • Richard Overton
  • Gerrard Winstanley
  • John Milton
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9
Q

Describe the early disputes which led to the English civil war

A
  • Charles inherited the Parliament which had been in Dispute with his father
  • Charles inherited advisors who had disputes with the Commons (Buckingham)
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10
Q

Charles I is coronated

A

1625

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11
Q

Who were William Tyndale and Jean Bodin?

A

And English and french man respectively, who believed that Protestant kings should have the power to rule over both the church and the Parliament

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12
Q

Describe the immediate cause of the dissolution of Parliament in 1629

A
  • bypassed Parliament and collected money for customs
  • 1626- levied a forced loan, using martial law
  • 1628- Petition of Right- Charles had to address Parliament’s concerns
  • tried to impeach Buckingham
  • Charles dissolved Parliament
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13
Q

Describe the 11 year rule without Parliament

A
  • ship money throughout the country
  • those who refused to pay were imprisoned without trial
  • Scots invaded England, a humiliating peace treaty was signed
  • trouble in Ireland
  • November 1640- recalled
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14
Q

Describe John Hampden

A
  • 1637
  • Refused to pay 20 shillings assessment
  • put on trial as a test case
  • found guilty by 7 judges to 5
  • more and more people refused to pay
  • became a hero figure for opposing Charles
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15
Q

Who were John Hampden and John Pym

A

Leaders of the opposition against Charles

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16
Q

What laws did John Hampden and John Pym impose

A
  • abolished ship money and customs duties except when approved by Parliament
  • Milnia Bill- transferred control of the army from Charles to Parliament
  • Triennial Bill- Parliament had to be called at least every 3 years
  • only Parliament could dissolve Parliament
17
Q

What was the Grand Remonstrance?

A
  • December 1641

* 204 clauses summarising Parliament’s objections to Charles’ policies at home and abroad

18
Q

Describe the immediate cause of the English civil war

A
  • 4th January 1642
  • Charles tried to arrest 5 leading opponents
  • marched into the House of Commons with armed soldiers
  • Charles fled London and set up his battle standard at Nottingham
19
Q

Describe the New Model Army in general

A
  • February 1645- set up
  • Army of God
  • officers were prohibited from being MPs (except Cromwell)
  • often had strong religious views- many were dissenters or lay preachers
  • well-paid: 8d per day, 2 shillings for a cavalry man
20
Q

Describe why the New Model Army was the turning point in the civil war

A
  • first fully professional army, not militia
  • many soldiers were veterans
  • each regiment had a minister
  • there was a soldier’s rule book (catechism)
  • officers were promoted on merit, rather than class
21
Q

Describe the disputes between parliament and the new model army

A
  • parliament wanted to dissolve it once the war was over
  • some radicals wanted it to stay
  • unpaid wages
  • indemnity for crimes committed during the war
  • religion
  • who should have a vote in Parliament (property owners/every man)
  • what should happen with the king
22
Q

Describe the discussions which precedented the Putney debates

A
  • Newmarket

* 2 representatives from each regiment were sent to handle the disputes between the NMA and parliament

23
Q

Describe the Putney debates

A
  • October and November 1647
  • heavily included by the ideas of the Levellers
  • they were sent back
  • Cromwell said only property owners could vote
24
Q

Describe the ideals of the Levellers

A
  • abolition of church tithes
  • ending of monopolies
  • ending of excise duties
  • free speech
  • women’s right to take part in politics
  • every man must have a vote
  • annual parliaments
  • implementation of the rule of the law
  • Thomas Rainsborough- colonel in the NMA
25
Q

Describe John Lilburne

A

demanded every man must have a vote

26
Q

Describe the Diggers

A
  • 1647
  • Set up by Gerrard Winstanley
  • radicals
  • property was theft- abolition of private property
  • birthright had been stolen by the ‘Norman Yoke’
  • equality could only be achieved by communities digging and planting crops together
  • 1649- planted vegetables on common land in Weybridge, Surrey
27
Q

Describe the trial of Charles I

A
  • Bill passed for the set up of a court
  • tried for high treason
  • accused of acting in his own personal interests, rather than the country or the people and waging war against parliament
  • Charles refused to plea, and refused to recognise the court as having the power to try him
  • found guilty
  • 30th January 1649- executed
28
Q

Describe the short term significance of the execution of Charles I

A
  • monarchy and the House of Lords abolished
  • May 1649- England declared a commonwealth
  • Cromwell and his army brutally put down the rebellion in Ireland
  • John Lilburne + Leveller leaders imprisoned in the Tower
  • several army mutinies put down
  • the Diggers were marginalised
  • 1650-1651: Royalist uprising (by future Charles II) defeated- peace was achieved
29
Q

Describe the political short term consequences of the execution of Charles I

A
  • Rump parliament tasked with devising a new constitution
  • April 1653- Cromwell and armed men marched into Parliament because of the failure of this
  • he seized the mace and expelled them
  • Parliament of Saints- brief, fruitless
30
Q

Describe John Milton

A

Believed Cromwell to be a hero for removing the king and ensuring parliamentary rule

31
Q

Describe external opinions of Cromwell

A
  • Trotsky- class warrior, fighting for political liberty
  • Churchill- military dictator
  • David Sharp- regicidal dictator
  • Victoria - refused to open a town hall in Manchester because there was a statue of him in front of it
  • George V vetoed naming of a ship HMS Oliver Cromwell
  • BBC Poll - top 10 Britons of all time
32
Q

Describe Oliver Cromwell in charge

A
  • December 1653- Cromwell became Lord Protector
  • 1657- offered the crown but refused
  • tried to create a stable reign and establish a religious settlement
  • strict Puritan views made him unpopular
  • closed theatres, banned Christmas, stopped women wearing make-up and had soldiers parade around towns to enforce these laws
33
Q

Describe the middle term consequences of the English civil war

A
  • Cromwell’s son Richard ruled
  • 1660- restoration of Charles II due to divisions between the army and civilians
  • those who took part in the trial of Charles I (dead or alive) were put on trial for treason
34
Q

Describe the middle term governmental consequences of the English civil war

A
  • Charles II’s heir (younger brother) was Catholic

* 1685- James II crowned- favoured Catholics

35
Q

Describe the Glorious Revolution

A
  • 1668
  • William of Orange invited by a Parliament and army generals to rule Britain as long as he ruled through Parliament
  • James left and died in exile
36
Q

Describe William of Orange

A
  • Protestant

* married to James II’s daughter, Mary

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