English

Question 1

DISCOVERY COMPREHNSION

Answer 1

CATALYST:
Curiosity, necessity, wonder
Emerge from a process of deliberate and careful planning
Sudden or unexpected

PROCESS:
Process of discovering can vary according to personal, cultural, historical and social contexts and values
Can emerge from a process of deliberate and careful planning
Can be sudden and unexpected
May be questioned and challenged, or their worth reassessed over time

OUTCOME/CONSEQUENCE:
Can lead us to new worlds, values
Can stimulate ideas
Enable audience to speculate about future possibilities
Can offer new understandings
Offer renewed perceptions of ourselves and others
Impact can be far reaching and transformative for individual and broader society
Ramifications of discovery can differ for individuals and their worlds
Deepens understanding
Generates new ideas

NATURE:
Discoveries may be questioned or challenged when viewed from different perspectives
Worth may be reassessed over time
Discoveries can be fresh and intensely meaningful in ways that may be emotional, creative, physical, intellectual and spiritual
Texts have potential to affirm or challenge individuals, or more widely held assumptions and beliefs about aspects of human experience and the world
Discovery through texts and how the process of discovery is represented using a variety of language modes, forms and features
Confronting and provocative
Experience of discovering for the first time or rediscovering something lost or concealed
Sudden or unexpected

Question 2

HOW DISCOVERY IS REPRESENTED IN THE TEXTS

Answer 2

THE GIRL ON THE TRAIN:
Extended metaphor of train journey→ represents enabling of thought, acquisition of knowledge and experience
Train ride→ Travel into unknown, gain new understandings of world around her and world in her head (suppressed due to depression)

DARK PLACES:
Postmodern narrative style (alternates between Libby in 1st person describing murder investigation and third person alternating between suspected killer Ben and Libby’s mother in day Ben allegedly committed murders)
Gradual unearthing of truth, gradual revelation of true events on day of murder→ represent nature of discovery as gradual that doesn’t always offer desired outcome

THE TEMPEST:
Interweaving of plot strands→ explore different understandings, perceptions that characters gain
Catalyst for all discoveries in island→ Prospero’s need for vengeance against those that wronged him and subsequent storm (Ignited throuh Ariel)
Shipwreck enables characters journey of discovery, represented through entwining character’s stories and past→ allows to make discoveries or rediscoveries
Structural representation→ illuminates how discovery differs for each character in terms of context, personal beliefs, values

Question 3

Discovery is a process of learning, ignited by a desire for knowledge
- THE GIRL ON THE TRAIN

Answer 3

Ongoing investigation of main character into night of murder ignited by growing suspicion she had something to do with it
“There’s nothing so painful,so corrosive, as suspicion.”
Thought processes identify she suspects herself to be involved (trigger for discovery)
Process of learning and unearthing facts to determine her involvement
Catalyst→ her desire to know about the disappearance of woman she sees everyday, and her inability to remember where she was

Question 4

Discovery is a process of learning, ignited by a desire for knowledge
-DARK PLACES

Answer 4

Main character reviews family’s murders; examines if man held accountable really is guilty
Review of past; ignited by desire to know Ben’s innocence
Process of discovering and learning→ her search for truth
Catalyst for change→ Libby approached by public who believe Ben is innocent; subsequent reopening of the case to find truth
“It wasn’t all my fault Ben was in jail (If he was truly innocent, if he truly was).”
Thought process; changing perception and looking for other possibilities
Author reveals to audience; process of searching in order to reveal info→ can help characters establish truth
Libby’s changing perspective→ desire for knowledge and understanding is the reason for her investigation

Question 5

Discovery is a process of learning, ignited by a desire for knowledge
- THE TEMPEST

Answer 5

Audience discovers truth behind Prospero’s ruling; ignited by desire to know how honorable his story was
Audience uncovers from dialogue of Ariel and Caliban the extent of P’s cruelty and how it differs from pitying tale he told Miranda
“If thou more murmur’st, I will rend an oak /And peg thee in his knotty entrails till/ Thou hast howled away twelve winters.” (ACT 1, SCENE 2)
Audience uncovers P’s true nature
Metaphor of colonialism→ treatment of original custodians of land
P’s dramatic dialogue→ describes tyrannism over subjects (cruel, unforgiving ruler)
Also demonstrated in dialogue with Caliban; where Caliban states he is one true custodian and Prospero took it from him
“This island’s mine by Sycorax my mother,/ Which thou tak’st from me.”(ACT 1, SCENE 2)
Audience understands P’s harmful leadership→ gains knowledge about true self through desire to know more about actions rather than what he told Miranda

Question 6

Discovering can lead to new understandings and renewed perceptions of others
-THE GIRL ON THE TRAIN

Answer 6

Final scene; Rachel uncovers truth surrounding hazy memories
Rachel discovers others have manipulated her-; taking advantage of her depression
Suddenly understands her confusion as what she has supposedly done in her life isn’t true
“What he told me was a lie. I didn’t imagine it…And I realise then that it’s all very simple…I do remember.”
Revelation of others hindering her remembering→ allows her to gain renewed perception of people she valued and see them for who they really are.
Symbolic→ representing discovery of truth by assessing realness of memories
After years of holding Tom in high regard→ discovery leads to epiphany
Able to gain a new understanding of herself, renewed outlook on her life, assess her past
Able to identify truth after being lied to for so long→ remembering allows her to rediscover herself

Question 7

Discovering can lead to new understandings and renewed perceptions of others
-DARK PLACES

Answer 7

Process of discovering leading to new understandings and perceptions→ represented through L discovering truth about mother’s death
Reopening of murder case→ experiences provoking and unexpected discoveries change way she views others
“My mother’s death was not useful. I felt a shot of rage at her.”
Discovering her mother organised own death to provide finances for family→ Libby gains new understanding of circumstances, new perception of woman previously held in regard as martyr
Consequences of rediscovering the past can affect individuals deeply
Renewed perception of mother → Libby can assign blame to somebody other than herself after years of feeling guilty about letting her family down
“I felt a meanness inside of me.”
Discovery of mother organising own death→ New understanding of what motives the killer may have had
Can fully explore and direct her anger to the person that should have taken care of her, rather than be angry at herself

Question 8

Discovery is intensely meaningful, when one overcomes the barriers or challenges that hinder discovering
-THE GIRL ON THE TRAIN

Answer 8

Rachel discovering after escaping from her alcoholism (suffers depression; turns to drink for escape)
Alcohol hinders logical thoughts; hinders ability to discover→ limits her gaining knowledge to challenge false memories
“I’m frightened, but I’m not sure what I’m afraid of, which just exacerbates the fear.”
Reflections after drinking highlight alcohol is barrier to discovery(not able to function normally)
Paradox- travels same route every day on train and predictable in where she will end up. When she tries to navigate her mind- alcohol hinders exploration and can’t discover truth
When forced into sobriety- able to discover truth about past, false memories, been manipulated
“And now I’m not, I’m really not. I can be thankful to Scott for this: I’m too afraid to let myself slip, because that’s when I make myself vulnerable. I’m going to have to be strong.”
When sober- can control her own thoughts, behaviours, ensure her own safety
Able to discover how dangerous others are and how her mind is clouded
Through these discoveries→ can interpret how others have influenced her to gain false memories and she must save herself from further harm
Overcoming barriers to her discovering- able to uncover truth that gains deeper understanding of her mind.

Question 9

Discovery is intensely meaningful, when one overcomes the barriers or challenges that hinder discovering
- DARK PLACES

Answer 9

Libby; trapped in dark place of her mind, unable to confront her memories, unable to move on
Lives on the identity as the famous girl whose family was killed, plays the victim card and self pities
“Draw a picture of my soul and it’s be a scribble with fangs.”
When she overcomes her self pity and challenges herself to do something about the past, she is able to discover the truth
Discovery that Ben didn’t really murder anyone, allows him to be released from jail and for both Ben and Libby to stop their past from defining them
Discovering the truth and setting Ben free, is possible when Libby matures and learns to abandon the dark places in her mind
“I studied it all for a few minutes, keeping my brain steady, staying away from Darkplace.”
Juxtaposition to end of the text reveals her maturation and how stopping the barrier of having the past define her allows her to forge her own identity.
Revisits her old home, and moves forward with her life. Discovery of her true identity after she has let go of all the unforgiving memories

Question 10

Discovery is intensely meaningful, when one overcomes the barriers or challenges that hinder discovering
- THE TEMPEST

Answer 10

Miranda’s ability to uncover truth about her past→ when Prospero allows her to learn and gain knowledge of where they came from
Despite him still controlling the extent to what she knows→ first scene he determines now is time for her to know and justify why he conjured storm
”Canst thou remember a time before we came unto this cell?”
Audience hears him tell from his perspective the events that led to them arriving and how mistreated they were by his brother
Miranda is gaining knowledge when she is allowed to- (Prospero does put her to sleep when Ariel comes.)
This scene juxtaposed to final scene
“O brave new world/ That has such people in’t!”
Dialogue reveals she can gain intensely meaningful understandings of world around her when she is free of Prospero’s controlling limit to her education and knowledge of the world
Meeting Ferdinand → can acquire knowledge directly from world around her, rather than being blinded to it by Prospero→ gains deeper understandings
Miranda free from Prospero to explore world→ travels away from secluded life and stimulates new ideas, gain values of those around her

Question 11

Discovering can lead to new understandings of ourselves

-THE TEMPEST

Answer 11

Prospero discovers he is more than his magic
“Now my charms are all o’erthrown, And what strength I have’s mine own”
Gives up magic- (theatre production→ throws down staff, inner strength)
Demonstrates forgiveness is better than revenge he took using magic
Audience discovers Prospero’s intentions are true→ cannot double cross

Miranda and audience discover her past at behest of Prospero
’Tis time I should inform thee farther.” “Of thee my dear one, thee my daughter- who art ignorant of what thou are”
Miranda freshly visits her past→ Prospero determines now is time to know

Question 12

Rediscovering something lost can lead to new worlds and values
-THE TEMPEST

Answer 12

Alonso’s loss of Ferdinand→ re evaluates his life choices/decisions
“My son is lost, and, in my rate, she too… O thou mine heir of Naples and of Milan,”
Rediscovery of Ferdinand after believing him to be dead→ can have heir back
Ferdinand’s discovery leads him to Miranda; Kings rediscovery leads him to reconcile with Prospero and gain a daughter
Sorrow and repentance can redeem what is lost. They find Ferdinand and can restore the natural order in Milan and Naples.

Question 13

The outcomes of discovery may differ for characters based on their contexts
- THE TEMPEST

Answer 13

Stephano and Trinculo discover Caliban→ a new creature to be exploited for their selfish gain,
Trinculo “I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed monster.”
Caliban discovers his “freedom” at having a new master
“Ban, Ban, Caliban has a new master…Freedom!”
Ironic perception of freedom under a new master→ He thinks he is free, but he is not.
Meeting of the clowns breaks tension and allows foreshadowing of discovering new people.
Clowns want to use Caliban, whereas Caliban wants to just be free of Prospero

Question 14

STYLISTIC FORMS AND FEATURES:

• LETTERS TO ALICE
• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

Answer 14

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
Conventional linear narrative → detailed and lengthy; a comfortable framework for the conservative, middle class women of Austen’s time
Third person Narrative - omniscient narrator;
Authorial intrusions (where she makes judgement values on characters and actions); voice is linked closely with Elizabeth

LETTERS TO ALICE
Epistolary avoids single, explicitly didactic authorial voice
Each letter can be used to highlight single opinion
In a letter; no opportunity is allowed for simultaneous discussion
Extended metaphor of City of Invention and reading as windows
Story within a story (family and then advice)

Question 15

The values of marriage depend on the social attitudes of the time

• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
• LETTERS TO ALICE

Answer 15

Connects both texts
P&P→ Marriage essential for survival
LTA→ Marriage less needed for financial security

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
Regency England→ society dictates a woman must marry (not about love, but about securing future)
Value of money important in determining good marriage
“If I can see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield…and all of the others equally married, I shall have nothing to wish for.”
Mother takes it upon herself to have daughters married. Emphasis in LTA: “So to marry was a great price. It was a woman’s aim.”
Marriage only option for women to live secure,prosperous life
Juxtaposed in Austen’s time as necessity rather than commodity
Enhances understanding of economic realities and of Mrs B deliberation over daughter’s marriage prospects
“I am not romantic, I ask only for a comfortable home.”
Charlotte conveys idea of marriage as important for security/protection for future
Juxtaposition between Liz and Darcy’s marriage (most successful union) → reflects Austen’s ideals (better to marry for love than any other reason)

LETTERS TO ALICE:
Weldon’s context; Parent’s divorced, she was married 3 times. 1980’s (post feminism movement)
After movement; women had more rights and access to income through work→ marriage less necessary for financial security.
“You are probably wise to join the new celibacy movement, in the company of your professor’s wife.I am glad you to got together…Leave your professor to his new junior lecturer.”
Marriage isn’t conservative anymore; not for life
Professor and his wife left each other to find new people; unheard of in P&P context (especially homosexuality)
In Weldon’s society; marriage values are on decline; not as upheld as once were

Question 16

Women are expected to follow different conventions to men

• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
• LETTERS TO ALICE

Answer 16

Different; P&P; women dependent on men
LTA→ Aunt Fay independent, Alice writes novel independently

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
Women need to be rescued→ presented as needing a male to ‘save them’
“ But I wrote to Mr Wickham, who left the place immediately and Mrs Younge was of course removed from her charge.”
Darcy saves his sister from marrying Wickham
Saves female relatives from a situation she would have been unable to escape from herself
“He meant to choose one of the daughters…this was his plan of amends.”
Mr Collins would marry one of the sisters→ to save them being removed from the house
Mrs Bennett: Shows role inversion→ takes up role of marrying her daughters with more intent than Mr B→ practicing role of ‘protection and security’ for her daughter’s benefit

LETTERS TO ALICE:
Contradictory opinions in same letter→ makes readers think. Didactic time→ readers make a judgement about agreeing
Used throughout novel; emphasises importance of choice and not believe everything she says
“You could say that was because she didn’t wear herself out physically running round the world, pleasing a husband or looking after children.”

“Some of course- and I tend to be one of them- maintain that the constant energising friction of wifehood, motherhood and domesticity, provides its own surging energy…”
First she says motherhood and wifehood prevents authors from raising houses in the city of invention. Children and husbands were the clearly recognised values of the time and Fay says they get in the way of living
Then she clearly changes her opinion to say there is more to a woman, that there is an energy that comes from this type of life
As a feminist she ultimately believes females should have a choice
Purposeful contradiction→ wants reader to recognise she doesn’t mean what she says, and instead wants them to understand didacticism is purposeful (challenges to form own opinions, rebel against what she wants them to think they are being forced to understand)
Alice’s father → only male in the text (very traditional)
“I do assure him…that my sending Alice £500 was not in order to denigrate him, or imply that he kept his own daughter in poverty, but simply a matter of paying off my gambling debts”
Comparison to pride and prejudice
“This may be another of the reasons her books are so socially acceptable in those sections of society least open to change. Women are accustomed to criticism. Men are, quite simply, not. They like to be heroes.”
Austen may not have been able to publish what she wanted, too radical and it wouldn’t have been published
Men in patriarchal society, influenced how she wrote
May have wanted Liz to end up independent. Got around this by allowing her to make her own choice in marriage

Question 17

Education is needed to succeed in the world

• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
• LETTERS TO ALICE

Answer 17

Connects texts;
Historically literature and education signs of upper class→ better chance in life

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
Austen’s context; education→ limited to art of accomplishments (to better attract a husband)
Austen is at tension with her society’s values of education
“ Oh! certainly,” cried his faithful assistant, A woman must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing, drawing, dancing and the modern languages, to deserve the word.”- Miss Bingley
Expresses disdain for tradition of accomplishments through Caroline Bingley
Ironic authorial intrusion→ humorous interjection portrays Bingley as overeager
Already established as unlikeable character (any opinions she expresses are treated with equal dislike)
Austen’s respect for accomplishments diminished→ supposedly accomplished Miss B doesn’t marry Darcy, but unorthodox, independent Liz does
Elizabeth→ not described as breathtakingly beautiful, but her wit, intelligence,ease in which she handles Caroline Bingley and Lady Catherine, her polished manners (in comparison to younger sisters) that makes her character attractive
Austen→ subtly accentuate importance of education through character of Liz
Compared to Lydia’s lack of education and her conduct in the world

LETTERS TO ALICE:
“And if only, had you not wasted hours in unveiling hope, had you rather dedicated the time to studies which would render you worthy of his affection
Aunt judges Alice’s relationship with professor
Shows value of education for getting a partner and succeeding (similarities)
Use of “render you worthy” highlights how important education is to further own life
“You must read Alice, before it is too late!”
Domineering tone→ rude, considers her nieces lack of education
Theme throughout novel→ only way to succeed is to read
Even after Alice’s novel is published→ still sends her a reading list→ belief of texts and reading as a way to better oneself

Question 18

Value of reading and writing and its ability to change the reader

• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
• LETTERS TO ALICE

Answer 18

Connects texts through authorial intrusion
Both authors instruct audience; proposition them to their way of thinking
LTA; Didactic tone/ P&P; Using characters to express her values

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
New medium of the novel → instructs women morally and has ability to educate and entertain
Juxtaposition between character’s thoughts and authorial intrusions→ tension created between reformed domestic fiction writing style and her true writing purpose
“…after some deliberation [Mr Collins] chose Fordyce’s Sermons…before he had, with very monotonous solemnity, read three pages, [Lydia] interrupted him…”.
Conduct books in her time→ expressed feminine attributes
Authorial intrusion of Collins reading→ Austen expresses disdain for their qualities
Humorous narration→ implies they are boring, out-dated
Uses character of Mr Collins to educate her audience in challenging the traditional authority that is conveyed

LETTERS TO ALICE:
Metaphor of books as Windows and doors to new worlds, connecting the past to the present,
Allows reader to gain a world view different from own modern construct → instead appreciate work of previous generation and understand how their work was influenced by her context and the society they lived in.
“From whose doors the generations great each other”
“These books open a little square window on the world.”

“It is in the literature, the novels, the fantasy, the fiction of the past, that you find real history, and not in textbooks”
Read these works and you will understand the period of time( whole unit of work)
Uses context of an author to offer insight in what is needed to succeed in the world of literature
Extended metaphor of City of Invention
Educates audiences about the relationship between composers, critics and audiences,as well as examining complexities of writing process
Extended instruction to Alice as to what to read and who to read to succeed→ didactic tone

Question 19

Family may influence an individual progress either positively or negatively

• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
• LETTERS TO ALICE

Answer 19

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
Lydia’s marriage to Mr Wickham→ If L disgraced; whole family would be disgraced
“Lydia-the humiliation, the misery she was bringing on them all…
Family will be brought to a disgrace if Lydia elopes without marrying→ role of sisters will determine whether the remaining sisters are left in good social standing
Context if the time→ family roles influenced how an individual would be seen in society
Important in describing the lengths of depravity the other sisters will face if Lydia is successful in ruining their reputation

LETTERS TO ALICE:
Alice publishes a book despite her aunt dictating what she should do and what she should write about
Family influenced her in a direction of writing, but hasn’t paid much attention to her aunt’s demands
Aunt has ability to influence Alice and positively encourage her; but chooses to wield power and influence over her to model her to her own views and opinions
“I am sorry about your exams. Is it my fault? I suppose so.”
Aunt in letters is only displaying one side; no room for discussion. She is only one that is allowed to have power

Question 20

Power in family may not always be patriarchal

• PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
• LETTERS TO ALICE

Answer 20

Connects both texts
Strong female voice in both aunts; both intrusive, take pleasure in interfering in others lives.
No hesitation in delivering opinions on every subject in decisive way

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
“Mr Bennet, how can you abuse your children in such a way?”
Father; In 1813→ man of Mr Bennet’s social position would generally have taken interest in love lives of his daughters→ they impacted his status
Liz later realises her father has faults; he should have used his talents to preserve honour of daughters → (When Lydia leaves)
He failed this responsibility (her respect slightly diminished)
Suggests Mr Bennet didn’t fulfill his role of properly guiding his children and keeping them in line to be good prospects for marriage
Instead; women have power that can influence how family is conducted
“Miss Bennet, do you know who I am…Let me be rightly understood. This match…can never take place.”
Authorial tone→ dictates where and what everyone should be doing
By visiting Elizabeth to make her opinion known→ displays her power and influence
No patriarch has come to tell of them not being together, so only Lady C wields the power to try and dictate what others should do with their lives.

LETTERS TO ALICE:
Role of Aunt is very domineering and controlling in the text;
“ I will send you a reading list.I hope you don’t that’s patronising of me. You have sold more copies of The Wife’s Revenge in three months, then I have of all my novels put together.”
Even when admitting Alice is more successful, Aunt Fay still wants to wield power by sending a reading list
Tries to control Alice’s education still and still have claims over hoe she is taught in a way that Fay sees fit
Lack of presence of father; only mentioned in that he doesn’t speak to Faye and Alice Doesn’t listen to him. He isn’t main voice of authority within the text; more Aunt’s didactic tone

Question 21

Women’s voices are either silenced or allowed to be heard by men
- CITIZEN KANE

Answer 21

Welles provides insight into gender role imbalance of time
Kane controlled women in life; allowed them to speak or would speak for them
Only exception is Mary Kane, and it’s only through her money is her voice heard. Money gives her a voice as she has the power to make the decisions.
Women dancing at party are treated as objects and entertainment→ no woman in the text ends up happy or has a voice

SCENE WHERE SUSAN TRIES TO KILL HERSELF:
Deep focus: Poison in foreground and diegetic sound of laboured breathing and door knocking insistently
Non-diegetic soft music of opera tune she can’t master
“You don’t know what it means to know the whole audience doesn’t want you.” → Immediately silences her and says “You have to fight them.” → Shows disdain for her wishes, despite severity (backdrop is her deathbed)
Dialogue of Kane shows who is in control and silences Susan’s voice.

SCENE WHERE KANE’S SHADOW STANDS OVER SUSAN:
Susan’s flashback: Positioning of her on floor and Kane towering over her. Vulnerability shown and physically silences her as his shadow covers her face and mouth. Prevents her from standing→ shows dominance.
Low angle shot: Kane’s superiority and lack of empathy for Susan’s wishes
Dialogue: “I will not tell you again, you will continue with your singing.” Silences her voice and independence, barks order at her to follow and doesn’t allow for discussion

BREAKFAST MONTAGE:
Represents breakdown of marriage→ Kane refuses to compromise→ silences Emily’s voice over time

Question 22

The true identity of an individual is never fully known, and a person can only be defined by others
memories of them
- CITIZEN KANE

Answer 22

Impossible to live a person’s life so never truly understand person.
When Kane dies, he only lives on through others memories of him, yet contrasting perspectives show he isn’t easy to understand and representation of snowglobe as hard to understand and different perspectives used.

OPENING SCENE CONTRAST TO SNOWGLOBE SCENE AFTER HE TRASHES ROOM:
Opening scene: Cage with monkeys, tiger cage→ fog/mist looking up to manor: Opulence of estate and air of abandonment
Music intensifies and stops as window light goes out
Whispers rosebud and glass clatters to floor. Fisheye distortion shows nurse entering. Fade to black

Contrast to Kane picking up globe after trashing Susan’s room
Refraction - light distorts the image- image of Kane is distorted because looking through different perspectives- refraction of the real person. Manipulated to see Kane as Welles wants us to.
Different stages of snow globe falling (slow motion) and final shattering→ represent textual integrity of film (Perspectives Welles uses to relay non-linear life→ no matter how much perspective audience is given, impossible to truly know a person
Life looked at from all different angles→ person’s life can be looked in on but never fully understood as its impossible to be actually living it

Question 23

Humans are multi-faceted

-CITIZEN KANE

Answer 23

Revealed through Kane’s ambiguity and through different perspectives brought together
The individual as an enigma (each person is mystery and can never be fully understood)
“Citizen Kane illustrates the point that the nature of a person is ultimately a mystery.”
“Rosebud is the “emblem of the security, hope and innocence of childhood.” ROGER EBERT

FINAL SCENE:
Low lighting and reporter says “Maybe rosebud is just a piece of a jigsaw puzzle, a missing piece.”
Metaphor of Kane’s life as puzzle and without all pieces will never know the true picture.
Birds eye shot of panning over collection→ shows in end material objects have no worth (throwing possessions into fire)
Zoom in of objects that represent him; sled, portrait of parents, Susan’s doll, newspapers and puzzle. Cut to someone grabbing sled and “Throw that junk in.”
Orchestral dark dramatic music and zoom in of words surrounded by flames. Slowly melting away
Sled melting away. Burning of rosebud is burning away of who he was, no one will be able to know and be able to grasp his entire character. Burning the ability to find out who he truly was.
Motif symbolism of rosebud represents how an individual’s disposition can be represented but never fully grasped
An individual’s impact on society or others is the vehicle by which they are known or interpreted
Extreme close up of melting in fire and cut to smoke rising from house. Fade to “No Trespassing”sign
Cyclical nature of film→ barrier between audience finding out who Kane really is

MIRROR SCENE
Low angle close up→ Making him look naive, vulnerable
Deep focus of servants→ all have stiff posture. Everyone is looking an no sympathy
Silence to non-diegetic music→ changes atmosphere from calm to troubled and darkened
Mise en scene with multiple mirrors→ shows new reflection representing Kane being perceived by others (textual integrity)
Use of shadows than light→ unclear if you can ever really know a person
Real Kane comes into focus→
May perceive a person one way, but in reality they may contradict what is initially perceived
Audience is fooled into thinking one of reflections in Kane until real Kane comes into focus
Kane showing emotions while other faces of reflections aren’t shown
Enter and leave mirror hall→ Individuals enter life and are determined by other’s perceptions of them and as individual exits, they only live on in each person’s different perceptions and memories of them
Kane walks in front of mirror, and sees five or six reflections of himself→ structure of the text (different people’s perceptions of Kane, trying to piece together who he was.)

Question 24

Puppetry and control are used to maintain power

- CITIZEN KANE

Answer 24

Media maintains its power through its intrusiveness in society
Kane controls Leland until Leland is no longer under his control so he is fired
Kane controls what is released to the public in the newspaper and Susan
Citizen Kane is a film at least as much about power, in terms of form as well as content, as it is mystery and the absence of the objective truth.” BEN DOOLEY

SUSAN’S LOVE NEST AND MEDIA SCANDAL RUINS CHANCES FOR POLITICAL OFFICE:
Older Susan tells reporter she and Kane weren’t in relationship until marriage broke down,but dienst matter as media decided it was a ‘love nest’
Manipulated country to certain perspectives; shows power of media and maintained this by using puppets of Susan and Kane to sell news
Zoom out of paper showing “love nest” title→ sensationalising news report; singer has negative connotations→ tarnishes reputation

Media maintains power by controlling key players: Kane’s media scandal completely overturned any chances of running for political office
2 shot of Leland and Kane, ticket tape all around them. Ironic shot of posters in background
Kanes shadow on ceiling and low angle shot shows him being viewed as powerful→ Irony as Media has been able to take it out of his grasp

FIRES LELAND
Kane consistently calls Jed Leland “Jedediah.”
Jedediah translates to ‘Friend of God.” Subtle hints that Kane views himself as powerful and in control. Referring to leland, puts him in his place and gives Kane a superior position over him.

Juxtaposition of scene where Leland keeps Declaration of Principles to when he sends them back to Kane: Kane said ‘These promises will be kept.” He is in shadow as he says this→ dramatic irony. Audience doesn’t see him as honourable, but drenched in shadow and mystery.
Contrast to scene where Kane loses his control over Leland completely. Bernstein alludes to it saying “They haven’t spoken for years.”
Kane at forefront typing. Close up of word “weak” being typed. Leland walks up behind and Kane says ‘You’re fired.” Dramatic diegetic music and fade to black and focus in on old Leland.
fired as Leland is out of his control, he can’t control his puppet, as it has learnt to stand up against him. Leland reminds him of the declaration as he kept it, and as kane has changed, he removes Leland so as to turn to a new form of journalism.
Was Leland says “He thought by finishing that notice he would prove to me he was an honest man…He was always trying to prove something.
When Leland refuses to be a puppet of Kane’s any longer, he is removed so Kane can retain the illusion of power

THEATRE AND PUPPET STRINGS
Scene in theatre when there is chaos in the scene (very busy) “Places everybody.” Curtain is drawn up and she sings.
Tracking movement of camera rising up to show the inner workings of the theatre. See the roof, lights, mechanics and STRINGS→ Crew make gesture to each other that she is terrible.
Susan is at the bottom, Wells suggests that Kane is pulling her strings and she is a puppet of his control. She knows she isn’t ready to sing, but Kane makes her
Kane maintains power over Susan when she doesn’t want to sing. She is his puppet and reinforces to himself that he is powerful and has ability to maintain control over others.

Question 25

Composers carefully control/construct aspects of the environment to reflect their understanding of the relationship between people and their landscape
- JUDITH WRIGHT

Answer 25

There is a need for humans to be protected either by nature, or from nature
Dependency in the relationship, or a battle between the two; never fully understand each other

Brother and Sisters
“The road turned out to be a cul-de-sac; “
Simile- emphasizes dead end unfulfillment
Comparing cul-de-sac to a lost intention enables audience to visualise desired outcome being halted due to a barrier
A cul-de-sac doesn’t go anywhere, whereas a road does

“The bush comes near, the ranges grow immense.”
Personification of bush closing in→ sense of entrapment to family
Literal consumption of nature, slowly creeping in
Immense growth supports barrier losing in,
Family house is man made, physical barrier from the outside, but the nature is creeping up and reclaiming, → relationship of humans on land that is tried to control, can’t control it, nature will take itself back

For New England
“Planted the island there and drew it round her. Therefore I find in me the double tree.”
Symbol of division between where the persona feels her roots are, and where she wants to be
Contrast between manmade and natural place of safety and protection
Belief she needs to be protected from landscape
Train journey
Extended metaphor throughout the poem of the physical barriers of the manmade train separating the personna from nature
Physical attributes of a train prevent connection with nature, the barrier is fully in place to prevent the inextricable connection being physically felt

Question 26

Composers carefully control/construct aspects of the environment to reflect their understanding of the relationship between people and their landscape
-ROOM

Answer 26

Room is a physical barrier to the outside world, not allowing for development, freedom and growth. It traps the characters and isolates them from society
This representation of the physical landscape as barrier to growth and development impacts on the relationship characters have with their surroundings
This physical barrier causes extreme emotional turmoil for Ma, leading her to take action and try to escape
The physical barrier of the landscape triggers a response to escape and be away from this negative relationship between human and environment
Realising the nature of the physical environment for her son’s development, Ma hatches an escape plan that results in being free on the outside.
“It’s all big and ginormous, I didn’t even know inside could be as big as Outside, there’s trees even.”
The representation as a physical barrier is the catalyst for change, in experiencing the outside world

Question 27

Composers carefully control/construct aspects of the environment to reflect their understanding of the relationship between people and their landscape
-AND THEN THERE WERE NONE

Answer 27

The island as a representation of a physical barrier emphasises how the characters will never escape safely, and don’t have the resources to remove themselves from the situation they are in
The isolation of the landscape, cutting them off from the outside world increases their fear and establishes the characters to slip further and further into insanity.,
“I beg your pardon sir, but there’s no boat on the island.”

Question 28

Composers can represent the physical landscape as a reflection of an individual’s mindscape
-ROOM

Answer 28

The physical dimensions of Room itself are a visual representation of the trapped nature of Ma and Jack
Their relationship with their landscape is one of confinement; they aren’t free to live life, they are prisoners and are kept under lock and key
Donoghue represents this imprisonment of Ma and Jack through exploring the size of Room and its confinement to reflects their mental landscape
“Another rule is, the wide of the walls is the same as the wide of Floor, I count eleven feet going both ways, that means Floor is a square.”
Jack personifies the dimensions of the landscape, yet this reveals how they are trapped both mentally and physically
Donoghue represents their inability to develop and be free,through the physical landscape as a prison for them

Question 29

Composers can represent the physical landscape as a reflection of an individual’s mindscape
-AND THEN THERE WERE NONE

Answer 29

Christie represents the guilt of the characters and their sinister landscapes of their mind, as a reflection in the physical landscape they cannot escape from
The openness of the island, and the house without having any nooks or crannies for which the killer to hide, increases the fear of the characters, until their mental landscape is full of fear and distrust.
The confusion as to the dimensions of the island as open and without place for a killer to hide, highlights the districts the other feel for each other, and heightens their fear of dying by the hands of someone they know.
“And now came the moment I had anticipated- three people who were so frightened of each other that anything might happen.”
The representation of the land allows the mental landscapes to be explored, and identifies the guilt of each character and their growing fear

Question 30

The composer’s truth of the landscape is revealed to the audience when the relationship between land and people changes
-JUDITH WRIGHT

Answer 30

JW represents the relationship between people and the landscape as complex, but when the relationship is examined, JW view of the landscape is revealed. Her themes become increasingly prevalent in her writings:
English colonial culture became increasingly irrelevant in the distinctive Australian landscape.

The Hawthorn Hedge
“It is twice as tall as the rider on the tall mare, who draws his reigns to peer,”
Mare is symbol of nature
Rider is a symbol of society and draws his reigns; taming nature and controlling nature
Symbolism of someone from the outside looking in
Rider requires the horse to look in→ society tries to tame nature but still needs it
Rider peers over to see new perspectives, but with persona planting hedge and repetition of her planting it→ her deliberate attempts to separate nature from colonialism
Communicates the irrelevance colonialism has to her relationship with nature

Brother and Sisters
Wall- manmade feature to keep out nature; it isn’t natural.
Personifying wall symbolises its purpose isn’t valid as individuals are meant to be one with nature
“Their blueprint for the bridge was out of date.”
Idea of settlers to tame the land is increasingly irrelevant
Further seen in “their orchards would never be planted”
Idea that nature needs to be controlled or planted by humans→ not occurring
“The pianola - oh, listen to the mocking bird - wavers on Sundays and has lost a note”
Juxtaposition between nature and english interior; both play music but dominant sound is birds
The polished parlour grew distrait and haunted”
Parlour symbolic of England→ growing distraint and haunted personifies and suggests it isn’t thriving on Aus bush
Represents and is symbolic of lost dream of English settlers→ realise they have to adapt to land and not other way around
Bush thrives but introduced English belongings don’t

Question 31

The composer’s truth of the landscape is revealed to the audience when the relationship between land and people changes
-ROOM

Answer 31

Room is first introduced through Jackspersonficiation of the objects in the landscape, and his belief in their human characteristics,
The audience is alerted to the more sinister undertones, as Jack reveals more about his and Ma’s daily ‘games’ which result in their frequent escape tactics
The audience is revealed to the truth of imprisonment, when Jack and Ma’s relationship with the land changes. As Jack becomes older, he begins to question about the world, and through Man’s determination to get them out, the audience understands that Room is a landscape that negatively impacts their well being.
“Listen. What we see on TV is…it’s pictures of real things.”
When Ma is no longer able to raise Jack in the confined space, and they begin to plan to escape, the audience witnesses the truth of the horror of the situation; that the landscape is not allowing for freedom or expression.

Question 32

The composer’s truth of the landscape is revealed to the audience when the relationship between land and people changes
-AND THEN THERE WERE NONE

Answer 32

The truth of the landscape as a destination from which the guests will never return, is revealed when the relationship between the land and people changes
After the relationship is explored with the landscape seemingly the place of holiday making and a new job; the gramophone plays the record, accusing the characters of their guilt, and establishing the island as a place where the characters will be judged for their crimes and die
The truth of the island as a barrier to the outside world, and in which the characters will be individually hunted, is witnessed by the audience through the change in tone of the text, first as lighthearted when the island represents a break from society, to when the island represents their never leaving.
“The voice had stopped. There was a moment’s petrified silence.”

Question 33

There is duality in the way an individual views their landscape, and in how this relationship is represented
-JUDITH WRIGHT

Answer 33

For New England
Individuals struggle to become one with the land, struggle with co-existing identities; Australian and English
“Your trees,the homesick and the Swarthy native.”
Swarthy native represents Aboriginals, whereas homesick represents the english.
Addresses the land by ‘your trees’ → represents a division between and highlights the differences in the land
“The hard inquiring wind strikes to the bone and whines division.”
The personification of the wind highlights the division
Struggling with identities and how the land shapes the identity of the person
Relationship is a struggle between belonging and identity, this is represented in the poem through the constant division and contrast to state of selves, and state of land

Flame Tree in A Quarry
By killing off landm wright implies that nature will always fight back
Land fights back against destruction of humanity
If humans fail to respect land, it will fight back. Humans should worship it
Still is the song made flesh though the singer dies
Song is the legacy as land dies
Life in death→ duality
Can be the land dying but still regeneration, legacy of the land lives on as song lives on even when singer is dead
Duality in the nature of life and death, and in the relationship of people with their landscape; If individuals respect the land, their relationship will be beneficial. But if one’s relationship is destructive, the land will fight back and the land will mirror the relationship in causing destruction

Question 34

There is duality in the way an individual views their landscape, and in how this relationship is represented
-AND THEN THERE WERE NONE

Answer 34

The landscape is represented as an island, with only a mansion from which to hide the killer
The characters view the land as the place they will die, they fear and despise it, for it not allowing them to leave
This relationship is represented through the heightened suspense and guilt the characters experience, until they all transcend into some state of madness
The relationship of fear between people and the landscape is represented in the way characters despise being on the island.
“You lost touch with the world- an island was a world of its own. A world, perhaps, from which you might never return”

Question 35

Representing the changing nature of landscape and people can be explored through the concept of time and memories.
-JUDITH WRIGHT

Answer 35

Many of her poems explore concepts of time as a way of representing the changing nature of the relationship between land and people
Time and memories, the seasons used to represent the passing of time and the changing state of self
Highlights the similarities in that both nature and humans are restricted to time
Exploration of how the land and humans change relationships is described in memories of the past

Hawthorn Hedge
Wright represents non-permanency through exploring similarities in both humans and nature being restricted to time
Shouting in winter “Death”; and when the white bud sets, More loudly, “Life”
Personification of winter as death, and flowers as spring and life→ Contrast to show cycle of nature, nothing is permanent
Time passes always behind the hedge, as the personna endures the cycles
Changing nature of time allows for growth and development, reflection on the past and the future→ something both humans and the landscape share

Moving South
Wright represents how in change in seasons, changes in self can be seen
Birth to death→ seasons represent passing change and growth; persona sees herself reflected in transitioning nature of seasons which represents the transitioning nature of the land and relationships with it
Non permanence and transitioning of nature describes people as well
“Last night a chained dog howled in the heat of the full moon, the old house rustled like constantly turning pages”
Symbolism of chained dog; oppressed in heat like personna. When temp and seasons change; it can change too
Representation of humans not always free in their environment. But in changing seasons,her state of mind will change as well and be free.
Howling represents personnas cry for change
Simile of pages turning→ constant change occurring. The weather isn’t the same each day, just like human emotions can change

South of My Days
Representation of land being kept alive in people’s memories. The land cannot truly exist without living on in people’s memories
“Seventy years of stories he clutches round his bones.”
Metaphor of voice of ‘Old Dan’ as metaphysical voice of land (representation of the voice of old settlers and the voice of the original owners of the land.”
The lives of Aboriginal people and the history of the land is kept alive in the land, through people remembering the experiences and the time passing since events occurring
Both sweet and tragic memories occur, represent the human connection between the land and that in developing a relationship with the lad, humans have had both a positive and negative lasting effect transcending through time

Question 36

Representing the changing nature of landscape and people can be explored through the concept of time and memories.
- ROOM

Answer 36

In the beginning of the text, Jack personifies the objects in Room, and views Room, not as a landscape or environment, but as a physical entity, much in the same way he views his mother
This view of the landscape as having human attributes is juxtaposed in the end scene, where Jack and Ma revisit Room, after experiencing life on the outside
We step in through Door and it’s all wrong. Smaller than Room and emptier and it smells weird…they’re all different. Nothing says anything to me.”
“Has it got shrunk?”
Jack’s inability to regard Room as the same as when he lived there, reflects his changing relationship.
Time has passed, and he has had the ability to experience new life and new surroundings, instead of the same landscape day after day
His memories of Room as a large space are flawed when he contrasts it to the new landscapes he has been a part of since escaping
Thus, his relationship with the landscape has changed; he is no longer dependent on Room to live, he has experienced the larger world, and has come to the realisation that Room wasn’t a healthy place to live and grow in
As time has passed, his relationship with the room has changed, allowing him to refocus on his past experiences in Room and realise that despite what he tells Ma, he doesn’t miss the landscape.

Question 37

Representing the changing nature of landscape and people can be explored through the concept of time and memories.
- AND THEN THERE WERE NONE

Answer 37

Originally, the island had served as an idyllic landscape for the guests to wait for Mr Owen, yet as time passes and the characters guilt becomes more apparent to the audience, the characters memories are mirrored in their landscape
The characters relationship has changed to one of fear and mistrust; afraid that the landscape conceals the murderer.
As time progresses, the memories of crimes that have led to them being on the island becomes more forward in the characters minds
Vera remembers aspects of the day she was responsible for Cyril’s death, and when these start to appear in front of her in the physical landscape, her remembered landscape is mirrored
She stared up at the ceiling,stared at the big black hook in the middle of the room…the seaweed had hung from that.
The island has changed from a holiday destination, to a place where the characters are forced to remember their past crimes in abhorrent detail, due to the landscape taking on physical attributes of their guilt
Thus the characters changing interpretations of their landscape is influenced by the passing time and their memories of past crimes, increasing

Question 38

ALL THESIS STATEMENTS

Answer 38

DISCOVERY:

Discovery is a process of learning, ignited by a desire for knowledge
Discovering can lead to new understandings and renewed perceptions of others
Discovery is intensely meaningful, when one overcomes the barriers or challenges that hinder discovering.
Discovering can lead to new understandings of ourselves
Rediscovering something lost can lead to new worlds and values
The outcomes of discovery may differ for characters based on their contexts

MODULE A:

The values of marriage depend on the social attitudes of the time
Women are expected to follow different conventions to men
Education is needed to succeed in the world
Value of reading and writing and its ability to change the reader
Family may influence an individual progress either positively or negatively
Power in family may not always be patriarchal

MODULE B:

Women’s voices are either silenced or allowed to be heard by men
The true identity of an individual is never fully known, and a person can only be defined by others
memories of them
Humans are multi-faceted
Puppetry and control are used to maintain power

MODULE C:

Composers carefully control/construct aspects of the environment to reflect their understanding of the relationship between people and their landscape
Representations of the landscape as a physical barrier for development will impact on the relationship between people and their landscape. This one needs clarification. It reads like representations will impact upon the relationship between people and their landscape.
Composers can represent the physical landscape as a reflection of an individual’s mindscape
The composer’s truth of the landscape is revealed to the audience when the relationship between land and people changes
There is duality in the way an individual views their landscape, and in how this relationship is represented
Representing the changing nature of landscape and people can be explored through the concept of time and memories.