England's Relations With Foreign Powers

Question 1

What 3 aspects of foreign policy was Henry interested in?

Answer 1

National security
Recognition of the Tudor dynasty
Defence of English trading interests

Question 2

Who ruled Brittany?

Answer 2

Francis II when Henry lived there after his exile in 1471.

Question 3

How powerful was France?

Answer 3

It had the largest most powerful army in Europe.

Question 4

When did Anne become the duchess of Brittany?

Answer 4

1489

Question 5

What happened that caused conflict between France, Brittany and England?

Answer 5

France invaded Brittany in 1487, it looked as if France may gain complete control over Brittany.

Question 6

What did Henry do in response to the invasion of Brittany?

Answer 6

In 1489 he summoned parliament to grant extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French.

Question 7

What was the Treaty of Rendon?

Answer 7

Signed in 1489. Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany.

Question 8

What ruined the Treaty of Rendon?

Answer 8

When the English army went to Brittany, Anne surrendered to France and married Charles VII.
This left the English army stranded in Brittany.

Question 9

How did Henry respond to Anne surrendering to France?

Answer 9

He continued with the invasion of France in 1492.

France was more interested in invading Italy so they immediately sought a peace settlement.

Question 10

What was the Treaty of Etaples?

Answer 10

Signed in November 1492
Charles VII had to withdraw his support of Perkin Warbeck.
He had to pay Henry for the expenses of raising an army.
France paid an annual pension.

Question 11

Why was a good relationship between England and The Netherlands important?

Answer 11

Because most of England’s exports went through their ports.

Question 12

What were problems with the relationship between England and The Netherlands?

Answer 12

Margaret Burgundy enlisted the help of Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian.
Relations between England and Burgundy deteriorated as Maximilian offered more support to Perkin Warbeck.

Question 13

How did Henry ease tension between England and The Netherlands?

Answer 13

He blocked trade with them.

He showed that he was prepared to sacrifice commercial activity for dynastic interests.

Question 14

What were the consequences of Henry’s trade embargo with the Netherlands?

Answer 14

It upset merchants but improved foreign relations.

In 1496, Henry and Phillip agreed to the Intercursus Magnus which ended the trade embargo.

Question 15

What was the Intercursus Malus?

Answer 15

A new trade agreement signed in 1504 to replace the Treaty of Windsor after the death of Isabella of Castile.

Question 16

What was agreed to in the Intercursus Malus?

Answer 16

Henry demanded a trade deal giving him a much stronger trading position with the Netherlands.
This agreement improved England’s trading position and security of the dynasty.

Question 17

What was the Treaty of Madina del Campo?

Answer 17

A treaty between England and Spain in 1489
It agreed to mutual protection in the event of an attack, not to harbour any rebels or pretenders.
Set up a marriage between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon.

Question 18

What happened after the Treaty of Madina del Campo which complicated the marriage alliance?

Answer 18

Arthur died in 1502

Henry suggested Catherine’s marriage to Prince Henry, but Ferdinand was reluctant.

Question 19

Why did Henry lose interest in the marriage alliance with Catherine of Aragon?

Answer 19

In 1504 Ferdinand was becoming less significant.

In 1506, Catherine of Aragon’s sister, Juana, and her husband, Philip signed the Treaty of Windsor with Henry.

Question 20

What was agreed to in the Treaty of Windsor?

Answer 20

A proposed marriage alliance was made between Henry VII and Philip’s sister.
This strengthened Henry’s rule after Elizabeth’s death, but the marriage never happened.

Question 21

Why did the Treaty of Windsor fail?

Answer 21

Philip died soon after.

Ferdinand ensured that Henry VIII would not marry Catherine of Aragon in his lifetime.

Question 22

How were the relations with Scotland at the beginning of Henry VII’s reign?

Answer 22

Between 1485-95 relations remained relatively cordial.

Question 23

When did Anglo-Scottish relations deteriorate?

Answer 23

1495-96
King James IV offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck and proposed an aristocratic marriage to the King’s cousin.
James encouraged Warbeck to cross the boarder in 1496 with an army.

Question 24

What was the result of Warbeck’s invasion from Scotland in 1496?

Answer 24

They quickly retreated back over the border.
However, it caused Henry to raise a larger army and launch an invasion on Scotland.
This promoted a taxation rebellion the following year.

Question 25

When was the Cornish Rebellion?

Answer 25

1497

Question 26

What effect did the Cornish rebellion have?

Answer 26

It was evident that it was in the interests of both England and Scotland to secure an immediate truce.
Truce at Ayton, 1497.

Question 27

How were relations with Scotland after the truce at Ayton?

Answer 27

They significantly improved.
Warbeck was executed in 1499.
James would marry Henry VII’s daughter.
In 1502, the marriage was sanctioned with a formal peace treaty (the Treaty of Perpetual peace).

Question 28

Who was the Earl of Kildare?

Answer 28

Lord Deputy of Ireland since 1477.

Question 29

What threat did the Earl of Kildare pose to Henry?

Answer 29

He was feared because he had Yorkist sympathies.
He supported Lambert Simnel, whom he crowned king of Ireland in 1486
He also supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491.

Question 30

How did Henry respond to the threat of Kildare?

Answer 30

He appointed Prince Henry as Liutenent of Ireland.
His deputy, Poynings, established royal authority and passed ‘Poyning’s Law’ of 1495.
This meant that no law could be passed without approval of the English Crown.

Question 31

How long lasting was Henry’s success in Ireland?

Answer 31

It was too expensive.
Henry had to recall Poynings in 1496 and use Kildare as his deputy instead.
Kildare had decided to support Henry.
By 1500 Henry had managed to secure peaceful and cheap authority in Ireland.