Energy Transfer Of Organisms - Energy And Ecosystems Flashcards
What are the three groups of organisms according to how they obtain their energy?
Producers, consumers, saprobionts
What are producers?
Photosynthetic organisms that manufacture organic substances using light energy, water and carbon dioxide
What are consumers?
Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms in a lower tropic level than them
What are saprobionts
Organisms that break down dead organisms by releasing enzymes so feed of dead matter. Majority are fungi and bacteria
What are food chains?
They describe a feeding relationship between producers and consumers to show energy transfers in an ecosystem
What are tropic levels?
The stages of the food chain
What are food webs?
Many food chains linked together due to many organisms having multiple food sources so show feeding relationships within a community
What is biomass?
The total dry mass of an organism in a specific area at a given time
In biomass, why is it the dry mass and not the fresh mass that’s measured?
Because the varying volume of water would make the mass not comparative as well as unreliable
What is the issue with biomass measuring?
The organism has to be killed and so it’s usually only measured in a small sample however this in itself is an issue as it may not be representative of the whole population
How does energy first enter an ecosystem?
Through sunlight which is used for photosynthesis by the producer
Why is only a small amount of energy from light, transferred to the producer’s biomass?
- most of the sun’s light energy is reflected back into space or absorbed by the atmosphere
- not all wavelengths of light can be absorbed by each plant to be used for photosynthesis
- light may not fall on a chlorophyll molecule so isn’t used in photosynthesis
- a limiting factor may slow the rate of photosynthesis e.g. low temperatures
How do you calculate the Net Primary Productivity? (NPP) (producers)
Gross primary production (GPP) - respiratory losses (R)
What is the gross primary productivity? What is the net primary productivity?
- GPP=The total amount of chemical energy stored in the plants biomass
- NPP = the chemical energy store that is left when the losses in reparation have been taken into account hence telling you the energy available to be passed on to the next tropic level in the food chain
Give 5 reasons only a low percentage of energy is transferred between each tropic level in the food chain
- some parts of the organism are not eaten e.g. bones, wood
- some parts of the organism can’t be digested so are lost in faeces e.g. connective tissue in animals, cellulose in laments
- some energy is lost in excretory materials e.g. urine and co2
- energy lost as heat in respiration especially in mammals as they maintain a constant body te
- energy lost in movement e.g. during hunting