Energy Transfer Of Organisms - Energy And Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three groups of organisms according to how they obtain their energy?

A

Producers, consumers, saprobionts

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2
Q

What are producers?

A

Photosynthetic organisms that manufacture organic substances using light energy, water and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What are consumers?

A

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms in a lower tropic level than them

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4
Q

What are saprobionts

A

Organisms that break down dead organisms by releasing enzymes so feed of dead matter. Majority are fungi and bacteria

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5
Q

What are food chains?

A

They describe a feeding relationship between producers and consumers to show energy transfers in an ecosystem

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6
Q

What are tropic levels?

A

The stages of the food chain

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7
Q

What are food webs?

A

Many food chains linked together due to many organisms having multiple food sources so show feeding relationships within a community

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8
Q

What is biomass?

A

The total dry mass of an organism in a specific area at a given time

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9
Q

In biomass, why is it the dry mass and not the fresh mass that’s measured?

A

Because the varying volume of water would make the mass not comparative as well as unreliable

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10
Q

What is the issue with biomass measuring?

A

The organism has to be killed and so it’s usually only measured in a small sample however this in itself is an issue as it may not be representative of the whole population

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11
Q

How does energy first enter an ecosystem?

A

Through sunlight which is used for photosynthesis by the producer

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12
Q

Why is only a small amount of energy from light, transferred to the producer’s biomass?

A
  • most of the sun’s light energy is reflected back into space or absorbed by the atmosphere
  • not all wavelengths of light can be absorbed by each plant to be used for photosynthesis
  • light may not fall on a chlorophyll molecule so isn’t used in photosynthesis
  • a limiting factor may slow the rate of photosynthesis e.g. low temperatures
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13
Q

How do you calculate the Net Primary Productivity? (NPP) (producers)

A

Gross primary production (GPP) - respiratory losses (R)

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14
Q

What is the gross primary productivity? What is the net primary productivity?

A
  • GPP=The total amount of chemical energy stored in the plants biomass
  • NPP = the chemical energy store that is left when the losses in reparation have been taken into account hence telling you the energy available to be passed on to the next tropic level in the food chain
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15
Q

Give 5 reasons only a low percentage of energy is transferred between each tropic level in the food chain

A
  • some parts of the organism are not eaten e.g. bones, wood
  • some parts of the organism can’t be digested so are lost in faeces e.g. connective tissue in animals, cellulose in laments
  • some energy is lost in excretory materials e.g. urine and co2
  • energy lost as heat in respiration especially in mammals as they maintain a constant body te
  • energy lost in movement e.g. during hunting
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16
Q

How can you calculate the net production of consumers?

A

N = I - (F + R)

Where:

  • N = net production for consumers
  • I = chemical energy of ingested food
  • F = energy lost in faeces and urine
  • R = energy lost in respiration
17
Q

What does the inefficiency of energy transfer between trophies levels explain in the food chain?

A
  • most food chains only have 4-5 tropic levels as insufficient energy is available to support a large enough breeding population at a tropic level higher than this
  • the total mass of organisms in a certain biomass is less at higher trophic levels
  • the total amount of energy available is less at each trophic level as you go up the food chain
18
Q

How do you calculate percentage efficiency?

A

% efficiency = ( energy available after transfer / energy available before transfer ) x 100

19
Q

How do farmers intensively rear livestock to produce the max quantity of meat, eggs, and milk at the lowest possible cost? Why does this work?

A

By keeping animals in enclosed spaces as this:

  • restricts movement so less energy is used in muscle contraction
  • environment is kept warm so energy isn’t used to maintain body heat
  • feeding is being controlled so animals receive optimum amount and type of food for max growth an minimal wastage
  • predators are excluded so no loss to organisms in the food web
20
Q

Summarise the common sequence of nutrient cycles

A
  1. Producers take up nutrients as simple, inorganic molecules/ ions
  2. The producer incorporates and converts the nutrients into complex organic molecules
  3. When the producer is eaten, the nutrient is passed onto the consumer as organic molecules
  4. When producers and consumers die, saprobiontic organisms feed off of the organic complex molecules like amino acids so they release the nutrient in its original simple form so the cycle can repeat
21
Q

Why is the nitrogen cycle necessary?

A

Because the N2 in the atmosphere has the triple bond making the nitrogen on its own inert hence it can’t be used by plants and animals

22
Q

Give the sequence of the nitrogen cycle

A
  1. Nitrogen fixation is carried out by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil converting N2 into NH3
  2. Nitrification is carried out by nitrifying bacteria where NH4+ is oxidised to NO2- which is oxidised to NO3-.
  3. Producers can now absorb NO3- ions which are fed on by consumers and saprobionts which also feed on the faeces and dead organism material from the consumers so release ammonia by breaking down proteins back into the soil in ammonification
  4. When the soil has low o2 concentration as a result of it e.g. being waterlogged , Denitrification occurs as anaerobic nitrifying bacteria convert NO3- ions in the soil back into gaseous N2
23
Q

What are the two types of nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?

A
  • free living nitrogen fixing bacteria which reduce gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere into ammonia
  • mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria - these live in nodules of roots in plants like peas and beans. They have a mutualistic relationship as the bacteria obtain carbohydrates from the plant and the plant gets amino acids from the bacteria
24
Q

Why do farmers need to keep their soil light and aerated?

A

To maintain o2 concentration for aerobic nitrifying bacteria and prevent too much denitrification as otherwise less of the NO3- will be absorbed by the plant and instead will be converted back into N2 by the anaerobic denitrifying bacteria

25
Q

What steps of the phosphorus cycle?

A
  1. Rock stores phosphate ions
  2. Weathering and erosion releases the phosphate ions into the soil
  3. These are then absorbed by the producers for e.g. formation of phospholipids and ATP
  4. Consumers feed on producers
  5. The consumers and producers waste and their dead organic matter is broken down by saprobionts which release the phosphate ions back into the soil
  6. Phosphate ions in the soil may also leach into water bodies
  7. Sedimentation then causes the creation of new rock and the cycle repeats
26
Q

Why are fertilisers needed in agricultural ecosystems?

A

They are added to soil in order to replace the nitrate and phosphate ions lost when plants are harvested and removed from the nutrient cycle as crops

27
Q

What are the two types of fertilisers and give a description of each

A
  • natural fertilisers which consist of dead plants and animals as well as manure
  • artificial fertilisers which are mined from rocks and then chemically converted into different forms and quantities of the ions required
28
Q

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of natural fertilisers

A
  • Advantage: they are cheaper and free if the farmer owns animals
  • disadvantage: they are extract minerals so proportions can’t be controlled
29
Q

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of artificial fertilisers

A

Advantage: contains the exact proportions of minerals so more likely to be effective
Disadvantage: inorganic substances are more water soluble hence dissolve in water surrounding the soil meaning larger quantities are washed away with rainfall into water sources so greater impacting the environment

30
Q

Give the three environmental impacts of nitrogen containing fertilisers

A
  • leaching (when water soluble substances are washed away into rivers/ ponds)
  • eutrophication (the process by which nutrient concentrations increase in bodies of water which can be caused by leaching)
  • reduced species diversity (nitrogen rich soils favour rapidly growing species which may outcompete other species)
31
Q

How do fertilisers increase productivity?

A

As nitrate ions used for ATP become readily available to the plant allowing it to grow taller and have greater leaf area which increases the rate of photosynthesis and hence productivity

32
Q

What is nitrogen essential for in plants and animals?

A
  • ATP synthesis
  • amino acid structure
  • DNA nucleotide structure
33
Q

What are the steps of eutrophication?

A
  1. Nitrates leach from fertilised fields into ponds where they stimulate algae growth
  2. Excessive algae growth creates a blanket on the surface blocking out light (algal bloom)
  3. Plants below can’t photosynthesis so due as light becomes a limiting factor of growth
  4. Saprobiontic bacteria feed and respire on dead plant matter hence using up o2
  5. O2 conc in the water is reduced and nitrates are released from the decaying organisms
  6. Population of aerobic organisms die which means less competition for anaerobic organisms so their population increases
  7. Anaerobic organisms then further decompose dead material releasing nitrates and toxic wastes and so having a negative impact on the environment