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Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • It is an energy source that exists in all cells and consists of a number of atoms held together by high energy compounds
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2
Q

What fuels are used for ATP resynthesis?

A

Phosphotecreatine

  • this is used in the first 10 secs of intense exercise
  • it is stored in the muscles

Glycogen

  • stored in the muscles and liver
  • it’s first concerted to glucose
  • during high intensity it can be used without the presence of oxygen
  • however more energy can be released through aerobic metabolism

Triglycerides
- muscular stores of fat- at rest up to two thirds of our energy requirement is met through the breakdown of fatty acids

Proteins

  • this is the least favourite source of energy
  • used when glycogen is low
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3
Q

Definition of energy

A
  • the capacity of the body to perform work
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4
Q

What are the 3 energy system?

A

1) aerobic system
2) lactic acid system
3) ATP-PC system

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5
Q

Aerobic System (1/3)

A

Aerobic System entry

  • plentiful oxygen
  • glucose converted to glucose 6 phosphate
  • broken down to pyruvate
  • converted to acetyl- coenzyme A by pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • in the sarcoplasm of the cell
02
  |
 G
  |
G6
  |
 P
  |
AcoA
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6
Q

Aerobic System (2/3)

A

Mitochondria- Kreb Cycle

  • the site of ATP production under aerobic conditions
  • kreb cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
ACoA
    |
OxCr     Oxidation of citric acid
    |
  CO2
    |
  2 ATP
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7
Q

Aerobic System (3/3)

A

Electron transport chain

  • hydrogen ions enter
  • water is formed when H ions and E ions combine with oxygen through a series of reactions
  • resynthesis of 34 ATP
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8
Q

Aerobic System Advantages

A
  • more ATP can be resynthesised under aerobic conditions
  • stores of glycogen and triglycerides enable exercise to last
  • no fatiguing by products
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9
Q

Aerobic System Disadvantages

A
  • after resting state it takes a while for sufficient o2 to become available to meet the new demands of the activity and enable to complete the breakdown of glycogen
  • transportation of fatty acids is slower and requires 15% more oxygen
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10
Q

EPOC definition

A

The extra volume of oxygen consumed following exercise that enables the body to fully recover and return to pre exercise state

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11
Q

1st recovery stage- Fast replenishment stage

A
  • the immediate consumption of oxygen following exercise
  • primary function is to resaturate myoglobin with oxygen and providing aerobic energy to resynthesise ATP
  • usually completed within 2-3 minutes
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12
Q

2nd recovery stage- Slow Replenishment

A

the oxygen consumed during the slow stage has several functions

Removal of Lactic Acid

  • this must be removed during exercise for the body to fully recover- it’s converted into pyruvate and then Co2 or water and the remainder into glycogen
  • lactic acid removal normally takes about an hour
  • however cool down can speed this up as metabolic activity increases and capillaries become dilated

Maintenance of Elevated Heart and Respiratory Rates
- extra energy is need to keep them elevated above resting levels

Replenishment of Muscle Glycogen Stores

  • this most of the time will become depleted
  • replenishment is dependent on the carbohydrate consumption (45 mins after) after and the type of exercise

An Elevated Body Temp

  • increased metabolic activity
  • every 10 degrees increase will double this
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13
Q

Aerobic System (1/3)

A

Aerobic System entry

  • plentiful oxygen
  • glucose converted to glucose 6 phosphate
  • broken down to pyruvate
  • converted to acetyl- coenzyme A by pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • in the sarcoplasm of the cell
02
  |
 G
  |
G6
  |
 P
  |
AcoA
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14
Q

Aerobic System (2/3)

A

Mitochondria- Kreb Cycle

  • the site of ATP production under aerobic conditions
  • kreb cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
ACoA
    |
OxCr     Oxidation of citric acid
    |
  CO2
    |
  2 ATP
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15
Q

Aerobic System (3/3)

A

Electron transport chain

  • hydrogen ions enter
  • water is formed when H ions and E ions combine with oxygen through a series of reactions
  • resynthesis of 34 ATP
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16
Q

Aerobic System Advantages

A
  • more ATP can be resynthesised under aerobic conditions
  • stores of glycogen and triglycerides enable exercise to last
  • no fatiguing by products
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17
Q

Aerobic System Disadvantages

A
  • after resting state it takes a while for sufficient o2 to become available to meet the new demands of the activity and enable to complete the breakdown of glycogen
  • transportation of fatty acids is slower and requires 15% more oxygen
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18
Q

EPOC definition

A

The extra volume of oxygen consumed following exercise that enables the body to fully recover and return to pre exercise state

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19
Q

1st recovery stage- Fast replenishment stage

A
  • the immediate consumption of oxygen following exercise
  • primary function is to resaturate myoglobin with oxygen and providing aerobic energy to resynthesise ATP
  • usually completed within 2-3 minutes
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20
Q

2nd recovery stage- Slow Replenishment

A

the oxygen consumed during the slow stage has several functions

Removal of Lactic Acid

  • this must be removed during exercise for the body to fully recover- it’s converted into pyruvate and then Co2 or water and the remainder into glycogen
  • lactic acid removal normally takes about an hour
  • however cool down can speed this up as metabolic activity increases and capillaries become dilated

Maintenance of Elevated Heart and Respiratory Rates
- extra energy is need to keep them elevated above resting levels

Replenishment of Muscle Glycogen Stores

  • this most of the time will become depleted
  • replenishment is dependent on the carbohydrate consumption (45 mins after) after and the type of exercise

An Elevated Body Temp

  • increased metabolic activity
  • every 10 degrees increase will double this
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21
Q

What is V02 max?

A

the maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilised by working muscles per minute

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22
Q

Tests that measure V02 max

A

The multi stage fitness test
Harvard step test
Cooper 12 minute run

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23
Q

Factors affecting V02 max

A

Physiology

  • a high percentage of slow twitch muscle fibres
  • high capillary density
  • high mitochondria density
  • high haemoglobin content

Lifestyle

  • diet
  • smoking

Age
- decreases with age

Gender
- men have better vo2 max

Genetics

Training

Body Composition

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24
Q

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

A

Oxygen consumed per
Minute

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25
Q

What is O2 deficit?

A

the volume of extra oxygen required to complete the entire aerobically

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26
Q

Things we need for good VO2 max

A

Effective oxygen delivery system

Muscle structure with large volume of myoglobin

High density of mitochondria

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27
Q

The ATP-PC system

A
  • due to insufficient oxygen supply ATP resynthesis needs to take place
  • therefore the body relies on phosphatecreatine- this takes place in the sarcoplasm and is facilitated by enzyme creative kinase
  • the release of this is stimulated by ADP
  • PCr - creatine+ Pi+ energy
  • PC is used to recycle ATP so it can once again be broken down to make a constant energy supply
  • energy+ ADP +Pi - ATP
  • this is seen as an endothermic reaction
28
Q

The + of the ATP PC system

A
  • ATP can be resynthesis iced very quickly by PCr
  • PCr stores are recovered very quickly- 2 to 3 mins of stopping
  • does not need to wait for sufficient oxygen
  • no fatiguing by products
29
Q

Drawbacks of the ATP PC system

A
  • there is only a limited supply of PCr stores in the muscle cell- fatigue occurs when concentration of PCr falls
  • resynthesis of PC can only take place when there is sufficient oxygen available
30
Q

The Lactic Acid System

A
  • most activities last longer than the 10 second threshold of the ATP system
  • if strenuous exercise continues ATP must be resynthesised from another fuel source
  • our body switches to glycogen after all PCs stores are used
  • glycogen is stored in the liver and the muscles and must be converted into glucose 6 phosphate before being broken down into pyruvate by enzyme phophofructokinase- glycolysis
  • during glycolysis energy is released to facilitate ATP resynthesis- 2 moles of ATP are gained for every mole of glycogen
31
Q

Advantages of the lactic acid system

A
  • due to few chemical reactions ATP can be resynthesised relatively quickly for exercise lasting between 10 seconds and 3 mins
  • anaerobic process- doesn’t need to wait 3 mins or sufficient oxygen to be present
  • any lactic acid accumulated can be converted back into liver glycogen or used as metabolic fuel
  • at the end of a 10 000m run this system can be called on to give you that extra burst of energy
32
Q

Drawbacks of the Lactic Acid system

A
  • accumulation of lactic acid can make glycolytic enzymes acidic- makes them lose their catalytic ability- intensity must drop dramatically for lactic acid to be removed
  • only a small amount of glycogen energy can be released in the absence of oxygen- 5%
33
Q

What is OBLA?

A
  • the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the muscles
  • during rest the amount of lactic acid circulating is between 1 to 2 millimoles per litre in blood
  • the more intense exercise the more this will rise
  • it is said OBLA occurs when lactic acid in the blood reaches 4 millimoles
34
Q

Lactate sampling and measuring OBLA

A
  • OBLA can only be truly measured in sports science lab
  • this test would be conducted in 4 to 6 stages
  • at the end of each stage the heart rate is taken and oxygen consumption is measured alongside taking a blood sample
35
Q

Lactic acid

A
  • the pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis is converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
  • once formed it quickly dissociates into lactate and hydrogen ions
  • it is the presence of hydrogen that makes the muscle acidic
  • this causes the breakdown of further glycogen- can cause pain as in heavy legs as there can be irritate nerve endings
  • however lactic acid can be converted back into pyruvate and metabolised in the mitochondria producing energy
36
Q

Factors influencing the rate of lactate accumulation

A

Exercise Intensity
- higher intensity the greater the ATP demand only being sustained using glycogen as fuel

Muscle Fibre Type

  • slow twitch produce less lactate
  • slow have greater amounts of mitochondria

Rate Of Blood Lactate Removal

  • if this equals the rate of production then blood lactate levels should remain constant
  • if production exceeds OBLA could be reached

Trained Status Of The Working Muscles
- they can have improved capacity for aerobic respiration due to higher mitochondria and capillary density

37
Q

Outline the relationship between ‘VO2 max’ and ‘lactate threshold’.
(3 marks)

A

A. VO2 max – the maximum amount of oxygen utilised/equiv per unit of time/per minute

B. Lactate threshold – the point at which lactic acid starts to accumulate in the blood/OBLA

C. Lactate threshold is a percentage of VO2 max

D. The higher the VO2 max, the more the delay in lactic acid build-up/as VO2 max increases, so does lactate threshold

E. Trained athletes can exercise for longer periods at the same/higher intensity compared to an untrained athlete/lactate threshold a much higher percentage of VO2 max

38
Q

Explain how energy is provided, allowing the athlete to complete the shot put. (3 marks)

A

A. Stored ATP
B. Alactic system/ATP-PC system/Phosphocreatine system/ATP-CP system
C. PC breakdown
D. To creatine and phosphate/C and P
E. Energy used/released to perform the contraction/re-synthesis for
ATP

39
Q

Using your knowledge of energy systems, outline and explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks)

A

A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates;
B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system;
C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruvate formed
D. Beta oxidation breaks down fats/tri-glycerides/free fatty acids
E. Krebs Cycle – oxidation of acetyl-coenzyme-A/Citric acid production
F. Electron transport/transfer chain – water formed/hydrogen ions/protons used
G. At high levels of intensity carbohydrates are only energy source/as intensity increases, more carbohydrates used;
H. At high intensity fat use limited by oxygen availability/no fats used anaerobically/lack of oxygen;
I. Slower energy release from fats/quick release of energy from carbohydrates;
J. (Carbohydrate break down) Lactic Acid System/Lactate anaerobic system
K. No oxygen used/anaerobic
L. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruvate formed/lactate/lactic acid formed

40
Q

Explain the terms lactate sampling and respiratory exchange ratio. (4 marks)

A

A. (Lactate sampling) – taking blood samples (to measure the level of lactic acid)
B. Ensures training is at the correct intensity/monitor improvements over time
C. Provides accurate/objective measure
D. Measures OBLA/lactate threshold/occurs at 4 mmols
Sub max of 2 marks
E. (Respiratory Exchange Ratio) – ratio of carbon dioxide released compared to oxygen used by the body
F. Estimates use of fats and carbohydrates used during exercise/ calculates energy expenditure
G. Tells if performer working aerobically/anaerobically/energy system used
H. RER close to 1 performer using carbohydrates/close to 0.7 using fats/respiratory quotient

41
Q

Gymnastic events can last up to 90 seconds.
Explain how the majority of energy is provided for these events. (7 marks)
7 marks for 7 of:

A

A. Anaerobic/without oxygen
B. (during first few seconds) stored ATP splits/breaks down initially/ATP breaks down to ADP + P + energy
C. ATP-PC/system/phosphocreatine system/alactic system
D. PC = C + P(i) + energy/creatine + phosphate/PC broken down;
E. Energy used for ATP resynthesis/ADP + P + energy = ATP/ADP + PC = ATP + C;
F. Lasts 5-10 seconds/limited supply
G. Lactic acid system/Lactate anaerobic system
H. Glycogen/glucose breakdown
I. Glycolysis
J. To pyruvate/pyruvic acid
K. Lactate/lactic acid formed

42
Q

Outline the function and process of the fast component of the recovery process. (4 marks)
4 marks for 4 of:

A

A. EPOC explanation – volume of oxygen consumed in recovery above the resting rate
B. The alactacid/alactic (debt/component)
C. Re-saturation of myoglobin/haemoglobin with oxygen
D. Re-synthesise ATP/PC levels
E. Uses 2-4 litres of oxygen
F. Completed in 2-3 minutes
G. 50% PC stores replenished within 30 seconds/75% within 60 seconds

43
Q

What do you understand by the term lactate threshold and why should games players keep below it? (2 marks)

A
  1. Lactate threshold – accumulation of lactate/lactic acid in blood/OBLA/4 mmols in blood
  2. Too much lactate leads to fatigue/deteriorating performance
  3. Because of high acidity/low pH/increased H+/inhibiting enzymes
44
Q

In terms of recovery, explain the relationship between lactate threshold and the functions of Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC). (5 marks)

A
  1. Lactate removed during EPOC
  2. Slow/lactacid component
  3. Oxygen used/needed for aerobic energy/ATP production formation
  4. Lactate mainly converted back into pyruvate
  5. Mitochondria/Kreb’s cycle/to CO2 and H2O
  6. In inactive muscles/other organs (liver)
  7. Some lactate converted to glucose/glycogen/protein
  8. Cori cycle
  9. Some excreted in urine and sweat
45
Q

What are the advantages for a long-distance swimmer of following a high fat diet? (4 marks)

A
  1. Fat available as energy source/provide ATP
  2. Fat break down is aerobic/requires oxygen
  3. Used during low intensity exercise/available long duration exercise
  4. Insufficient glycogen to last duration of event
  5. No fatiguing by-products
  6. Fat gives buoyancy
  7. Fat as insulator
46
Q

How is the majority of energy required by games players produced? (4 marks)

A
  1. Aerobic/with oxygen;
  2. Glucose/glycogen/carbohydrate/broken down to pyruvate;
  3. Glycolysis;
  4. Mitochondria/Krebs cycle;
  5. Electron transport chain;
  6. ATP production.
47
Q

What do you understand by the term lactate threshold and how is this related to VO2 max? (3 marks)

A
  1. Levels at which lactate/lactic acid accumulates in blood;
  2. Exercise has become anaerobic/without oxygen;
  3. Lactate threshold is some proportion/percentage of VO2 max;
  4. Proportion/percentage of lactate threshold increases as fitness
    increases/delayed lactate threshold/OBLA. 3 marks
48
Q

Explain how the majority of energy required by an athlete in a 1500metre race is produced. (4 marks)

A

(b) 1. ATP breakdown(resynthesis, regenerated);
2. From glucose/glycogen/carbohydrate;
3. From fat/triglycerides/fatty acids/glycerol;
4. beta oxidation;
5. Aerobic/using oxygen
6. (Anaerobic) glycolysis;
7. Pyruvate;
8. Mitochondria/Kreb’s cycle;
9. Lactate formation;

49
Q

What are the functions of the fast component of EPOC? (2 marks)
(i) What are the functions of the fast component of EPOC.

A
  1. Restoration of ATP / PC levels;

2. Resaturation of myoglobin/haemoglobin with oxygen;

50
Q

Explain how the functions of the slow component are achieved. (3 marks)

A

(ii) 1. Removal of lactate/lactic acid;
2. By oxidation/aerobic energy production;
3. In other organs (liver)/muscles/Cori cycle;
4. Conversion to pyruvate- used as energy source;
5. To water and carbon dioxide;
6. Conversion to glycogen / glucose;
7. Some converted to protein / some excreted in sweat and / or urine;
8. Oxygen used to maintain high work rates of heart / breathing muscles;
9. Extra oxygen used as temperature remains high;

51
Q

List five structural and/or physiological reasons why the V˙O2 max of an elite athlete may be greater than that of a fun runner. (5 marks)

A

A. Increased maximum cardiac output;
B. Increased stroke volume/ejection fraction /cardiac hypertrophy;
(not bigger heart/muscle)
C. Greater heart rate range/RHR → MHR;
D. Less oxygen being used for heart muscle/more available to muscles;
E. Increased a-vO2 diff;
F. Increased blood volume and haemoglobin/red blood cells/blood count;
G. Increased stores of glycogen and triglycerides;
H. Increased myoglobin (content of muscle);
I. Increased capilliarisation (of muscle);
J. Increased (number and size) of mitochondria;
K. Increased concentrations of oxidative enzymes;
L. Increased lactate tolerance/clearance/Increased %VO2 max/OBLA/anaerobic
threshold;

52
Q

Elite swimmers can complete a 200metres free-style race in just under 2 minutes.

(a) (i) Describe how the majority of energy will be produced for this type of race. (4 marks)

A 
A. Anaerobic/without O2;
B. Glycolysis/lactic acid/lactacid;
C. ATP produced;
D. Glucose/glycogen/carbohydrate to pyruvate/pyruvic acid;
E. Pyruvate to lactate/lactic acid
53
Q

Describe how the main cause of this muscle fatigue is removed from the body after the race. (4 marks)

A

iii) A. EPOC/Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption
B. Slow component/lactacid;
C. Oxygen used/needed for aerobic energy;
D. Lactate mainly converted back into pyruvate/CO2 and water;
E. In inactive muscles/ other organs (liver);
F. Some lactate converted to glucose/glycogen/protein;
G. Cori cycle;
H. Excreted in urine and sweat

54
Q

Briefly explain how these energy sources are used for regeneration of ATP. (5 marks)

A

b) 1. Carbohydrates/glycogen/glucose broken down into pyruvate;
2. Anaerobic/glucolysis;
3. Some ATP produced;
4. Fats/triglycerides/fatty acids/glycerol broken down into variety of
compounds;
5. Beta oxidation;
6. Into mitochondria;
7. Krebs cycle;
8. Electron transport chain;
9. Oxidation/aerobic;
10. Large quantities of ATP produce

55
Q

What do you understand by the term lactate threshold and how would the majority of the athlete’s energy be supplied during the periods of activity?
(4 marks)

A
  1. LT – lactate/lactic acid levels increase in blood/OBLA;
    Sub max 3 marks
  2. Lactic anaerobic pathway/alactic system/anaerobic;
  3. Carbohydrates/glycogen/glucose broken down to pyruvate;
  4. Glycolysis;
  5. ATP produced;
  6. Conversion/produces lactate/lactic acid
  7. LDH – lactate dehydrogenase
    (accept annotated diagrams & equations) (only credit point 6 only if linked to 3&4)
56
Q

Using the information in Table 1, suggest reasons why the time taken to complete the final run was much slower than the time taken to complete the first run.
(3 marks)

A
  1. Insufficient/not enough time for recovery;
  2. Lactate removed during recovery time;
  3. EPOC;
  4. Uses aerobic system;
  5. Lactate builds up/increased H+/decreased pH;
  6. Which causes muscle fatigue;
  7. Acidity inhibits muscle contraction/enzyme activity;
  8. ATP produced too slowly.
57
Q

Name the main energy system being used in the final sprint to the finishing line and explain how this system provides energy for the working muscles. (4 marks)

A
  1. ATP-PC/ system/phosphocreatine system/alactic system; Sub max 1 mark
  2. PC stored in muscles; Sub max 3 marks
  3. PC = C + P(i) + energy/creatine + phosphate;
  4. Energy used for ATP resynthesis;
  5. ADP + P + energy = ATP/ADP + PC = ATP + C;
  6. ATP broken down into ADP + P(i) + energy;
  7. Anaerobic/no O2;
  8. Glycolosis;
  9. Lactate/lactate acid;
58
Q

At the end of the race, the cyclist will be out of breath and will continue to breathe heavily even though they have come to a complete rest. Explain why this breathlessness occurs. (4 marks)
(

A

b) 1. EPOC/Excess Post Oxygen Consumption; (Do not credit O2 debt/deficit);
2. Aerobic energy needed;
3. Demand/need for/require oxygen/ O2;
4. Restoration of PC/ATP/Phosphogens;
5. Resaturation of myoglobin with oxygen; (Do not credit haemoglobin)
6. Lactate/lactic acid breakdown/removal;
7. High temperature/high metabolic rate;
8. Energy for high heart rate/breathing rate;

59
Q

Outline the stages and function of the Krebs cycle.
[3 marks]

A

A. Pyruvic acid combines with acetyl CoA/acetyl coenzyme A
B. Fatty acids combine with acetyl CoA/acetyl coenzyme A
C. Beta oxidation occurs
D. Forms oxaloacetic acid
E. Oxaloacetic acid combines with coenzyme A
F. Forms citric acid
G. Oxidation of citric acid/ hydrogen ions/ H+ removed from citric acid
H. Production/removal of carbon dioxide
I. Hydrogen ions/H+/H2 passed onto the electron transport
chain/electron transfer chain
J. Resynthesis of 2 ATP/energy to form 2 ATP molecules

60
Q

Explain the factors that affect the rate of lactate accumulation. 4 marks for 4 of:
[4 marks]

A

A. OBLA – Point at which lactate starts to accumulate in the muscle/blood/lactate threshold
B. Starts at 4 mmol/litre
C. Occurs as body is unable to provide enough oxygen to break down
lactic acid/change from aerobic energy system to anaerobic energy
system
D. Intensity of exercise – higher intensity the faster OBLA occurs
E. Fitness of the performer – physiological adaptive responses due to
training, eg more mitochondria, greater capillary density, improved
gaseous exchange
F. VO2 max of a performer/buffering capacity – higher the level the more
delayed OBLA
G. Respiratory exchange ratio/RER – closer the value to 1.00 quicker
OBLA occurs
H. (Muscle fibre type) – if slow twitch fibres used, delays OBLA

61
Q

Outline the advantages and the disadvantages of the ATP-PC system.
[4 marks]

A

Advantages
A. Energyreleasedquickly/immediately/doesn’trequireoxygen
B. ATPresynthesisedquickly/PC/Phosphocreatinestoresrecover
quickly/ATP-PC recover quickly
C. Allowinghighintensityexercisetobecompletedagaininshort
space of time/after a brief recovery period
D. Nowaste/by-productsformed
Disadvantages
E. LimitedstoresofPC
F. High intensity exercise can only be completed for brief period of
time/8 – 10 seconds
G. Full recovery takes up 2-3 minutes

62
Q

Explain how lactic acid is removed from the body.
[4 marks]

A

A. SlowcomponentofEPOC/lactacidcomponent/secondstageof EPOC
B. Usingoxygen/oxidation/aerobic
C. Convertedtopyruvate/pyruvicacid
D. ThentoCarbonDioxide(CO2)andwater(H2O)
E. Occursinmitochondria
F. In liver
G. Converted to glycogen/glucose
H. Convertedtoprotein
I. Known as the Cori Cycle
J. Some excreted in sweat/urine

63
Q

The 1500 metres race for men at the 2004 Athens Olympics was won in 3min 34.18s, while the same event for women was won in 3min 57.90s.

(a) Identify five structural or physiological characteristics that could account for these differences in times between males and females.

A
  1. They use oxygen for aerobic energy/remove lactate more effectively;
  2. Men have less fat/adipose tissue;
  3. Men have larger skeleton/bigger frame;
  4. Men have more/bigger muscle;
  5. Men have more mitochondria/oxidative enzymes;
  6. Men have more myoglobin;
  7. Men have greater concentration of haemoglobin;/red blood cells/
    Men have higher VO2 max.
    erythrocytes/blood;

9 Men have larger heart size/larger stroke volume/ increased cardiac output;

  1. Men have longer levers/greater mechanical advantage;
  2. Lung size/capacity has no effect on performance.
64
Q

Explain how the majority of energy required by an athlete in a 1500 metre race is produced. (4 marks)

A
  1. From glucose/glycogen/carbohydrate;
  2. From fat/triglycerides/fatty acids/glycerol
  3. beta oxidation;
  4. Aerobic/using oxygen
  5. (Anaerobic) glycolysis;
  6. Pyruvate;
  7. Mitochondria/Krebís cycle;
  8. Lactate formation;

ATP breakdown(resynthesis, regenerated);

65
Q

Explain how the functions of the slow component are achieved. (3 marks)

A
  1. Removal of lactate/lactic acid;
  2. By oxidation/aerobic energy production;
  3. In other organs (liver)/muscles/Cori cycle;
  4. Conversion to pyruvate- used as energy source;
  5. To water and carbon dioxide;
  6. Conversion to glycogen / glucose;
  7. Some converted to protein / some excreted in sweat and / or urine;
  8. Oxygen used to maintain high work rates of heart / breathing muscles;
  9. Extra oxygen used as temperature remains high;

PE- phis (5 decks)

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