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Pe Year 1 Section A > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define Adenosine Triphosphate

A

Only usable form of energy in the body

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2
Q

Define Glycolysis

A

A process which glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy

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3
Q

Define Sarcoplasm

A

A fluid surrounding the nucleus of muscle fibres and is the site where anaerobic respiration takes place

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4
Q

Define krebs cycle

A

A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using O2 in the matrix of mitochondria

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5
Q

Define electron transport chain

A

Involves a series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria where hydrogen is oxidised to water and 34 ATP are produced

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6
Q

What are the 3 energy systems

A

–Aerobic system
–ATP-PC system
–Anaerobic glycolytic system

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7
Q

Characteristics of Aerobic System

A

–Used when intensity is low and high O2 supply e.g. jogging
–Breaks glucose into CO2 & water
–Oxidation of glucose can produce up to 38 molecules of ATP
–Products of fat & protein metabolism are reduced to Acetyl Coenzyme A which enters Krebs cycle

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8
Q

How does the aerobic system provide energy

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) Electron transport chain

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9
Q

How does Glycolysis provide energy

A

–Takes place in sarcoplasm of muscle cell
–For every molecule of glucose, undergoing Glycolysis, 2 ATP form
–Before pyruvic acid produced in Glycolysis can enter krebs cycle, its oxidised into 2 acetyl groups &is carried into krebs cycle by CoA

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10
Q

Define Oxidative Carboxylation

A

Carbon and hydrogen is given off

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11
Q

How does krebs cycle provide energy

A

–The 2 Acetyl groups combine with oxaloacetic acid, forming citric acid. –H is removed from citric acid and the rearranged form of citric acid undergoes ‘oxidative carboxylation’
–Carbon forms CO2 which is transported to lungs and breathed out, the H is taken to ETC
–Produces 2 ATP

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12
Q

How does the electron transport chain provide energy

A

–H is carried to ETC by hydrogen carriers.
–Occurs in cristae of mitochondria & H splits into H ions & electrons
–H ions are oxidised to form water –H electrons provide energy to resynthesise ATP
–Produces 34 ATP

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13
Q

Advantages of Aerboic System

A

–More ATP produced
– No fatiguing by products (CO2, Water)
–Lots of glycogen stores so exercise can last for a long time

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14
Q

Disadvantages of Aerobic system

A

–Complicated system so cannot be used straight away.
–Takes time for enough O2 to become available to meet demands of activity & ensure glycogen & fatty acids are completely broken down
–Fatty acids transportation to muscles is low & also requires more O2 to be broken down than glycogen

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15
Q

Define PhosoCreatine

A

An energy rich phosphate compound found in sarcoplasm of muscles

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16
Q

Define Coupled reaction

A

When energy required by one process is supplied to another

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17
Q

What fuel does the ATP-PC system use

A

PC

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18
Q

How does ATP-PC system provide energy

A

–Anaerobic process to resynthesise ATP when creatine Kinase detects high levels of ADP.
– Breaks down PC->phosphate(pi) and creatine+energy, releasing energy.
–For every molecule of PC broken down, there’s enough energy released to create 1 molecule of ATP

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19
Q

What is the coupled reaction to convert ADP to ATP

A

Energy-> +pi +ADP-> ATP

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20
Q

Advantages of ATP-PC system

A

–ATP can be resynthesised quickly
–PC stores can be resynthesised quickly (30s=50%, 3mins=100%)
–No fatiguing byproducts
– Can extend duration if this system through creatine
–Delays onset of anaerobic glycolytic system

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21
Q

Disadvantages of ATP-PC system

A

–Only limited supply of PC in muscle cell
–Low energy yield (1PC=1ATP)
–PC resynthesis can only take place in the presence of O2 e.g. when intensity of O2 is reduced

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22
Q

Characteristics of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A

–Provides energy for high intensity for longer than ATP-PC system
–How long it lasts depends on fitness of performer and intensity
–Resynthesises ATP from breakdown of glucose

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23
Q

What is the fuel for anaerobic glycolytic system

A

Glucose
Supplied from digestion of carbs and is stored in muscles and liver as glycogen

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24
Q

How does the anaerobic glycolytic system provide energy

A

–When PC stores are low, glycogen is broken down to glucose which is then broken down to pyruvic acid
–Takes place in sarcoplasm of muscle cell where O2 is not available
–Pyruvic acid is then broken down into lactic acid.
1 glucose->2ATP

25
Q

Advantages of anaerobic glycolytic system

A

–ATP can be resynthesised quite quickly due to very few chemical reactions and lasts for longer than ATP-PC system
– In presence of O2, lactic acid can be converted to liver glycogen or used as a fuel through oxidation into CO2 and water
–It can be used for sprint finish (extra burst)

26
Q

Disadvantages of anaerobic glycolytic system

A

–Lactic acid as the by-product.
–Only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions

27
Q

What system is used when duration is less than 10s

A

ATP-PC

E.g. 100m, long jump

28
Q

What system is used when duration is 8-90s

A

ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolytic

E.g. 20m,400m, gymnastic floor routine

29
Q

What system is used when duration is 90s to 3 mins

A

Anaerobic glycolytic and aerobic

E.g. 1500m, a round of boxing

30
Q

What system is used when duration is 3mins +

A

Aerobic

E.g. marathon, cross country skiing

31
Q

What are characteristics of ATP generation for type 1 muscle fibres

A

–Mainly uses aerobic system
–Produces maximum amount of ATP available from each glucose molecule
–Production is slow but these fibres are more endurance based so less likely to fatigue

32
Q

What are characteristics of ATP generation for type 2x muscle fibres

A

–Mainly uses lactate anaerobic energy system during Glycolysis
–ATP production on absence of O2 is not efficient- 2ATP, 1 glucose
–Production of ATP this way is fast but doesn’t last long as these fibres have least resistance to muscle fatigue

33
Q

Define oxygen consumption

A

The amount of O2 we use to produce ATP

34
Q

Define VO2 max

A

Maximum volume of O2 that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

35
Q

Define sub-maximal O2 deficit

A

When there isn’t enough O2 available at start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically

36
Q

Describe O2 consumption during start of exercise

A

–We use more O2 to provide more ATP so O2 consumption ^. Also when intensity increases until maximal O2 consumption.
–Insufficient O2 is distributed to tissues for all energy to be provided aerobically as it takes time for circulatory system to respond d to ^ demand for O2 and also takes time for mitochondria dria to adjust to rate of Aerobic respiration
–As a result, energy is provided a aerobically to satisfy the^demand for energy until YNt circulatory system can cope (sub maximal O2 deficit)

37
Q

Define excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

The amount of O2 consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time

38
Q

What are the 2 components of EPOC

A

Fast component
Slow component

39
Q

Describe the fast component of EPOC

A

The restoration of ATP and PC stores and the restoration of myoglobin with O2

40
Q

Describe the slow component of EPOC

A

O2 consumed during slow replenishment stage

41
Q

What are the 4 functions of the slow component of EPOC

A

–Removal of lactic acid
–Maintenance of BR &HR
–Glycogen replenishment
–Increase in body temp

42
Q

How do you remove lactic acid

A

–When O2 is present, lactic acid can be converted back to pyruvate and oxidised into CO2 and water in inactive muscles and organs
–Transported in blood to liver where its converted to blood glucose and glycogen
–Converted into protein
–Removed in sweat and urine

43
Q

What type of exercise does oxygen consumption and EPOC occur in

A

Long duration, lower intensity

44
Q

Define lactate threshold

A

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood

45
Q

Define Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)

A

The point at which Lactate levels go above 4mmol per litre

46
Q

What type of exercise does OBLA and lactate threshold occur

A

Short duration, high intensity

47
Q

What is the difference between Lactate threshold and OBLA

A

Different ways of measuring the same thing

48
Q

Factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation

A

–Exercise intensity
–Muscle fibres type
–Rate of blood lactate removal
–Respiratory exchange ratio
–Fitness of performer

49
Q

How does exercise intensity affect the rate of lactate accumulation

A

Higher intensity=greater demand for energy (ATP) and faster OBLA occurs.
In high intensity, glycogen=fuel, when that broken down with O2 ->pyruvix acid, lactic acid formed

50
Q

How does muscle fibre type affect the rate of lactate accumulation

A

Slow twitch fibres produce less lactate than fast twitch fibres. When slow twitch use glycogen (fuel), with O2, glycogen broken down more effectively and with little lactate production

51
Q

How does Rate of blood lactate removal affect the rate of lactate accumulation

A

–If lactate removal=rate of lactate perishing, the concentration of blood lactate remains constant.
–If lactate production increases, then lactate will start to accumulate in blood until OBLA is reached

52
Q

How does Respiratory Exchange Ratio affect the rate of lactate accumulation

A

As ratio has value close to 1:0, glycogen becomes preferred fuel and there’s greater chance of accumulation of lactate

53
Q

Define respiratory exchange ratio

A

Ratio of CO2 produced compared to O2 consumed

54
Q

How does Fitness of Performer affect the rate of lactate accumulation

A

Someone who is fitter will be in better position to delay OBLA as adaptations occur to trained muscles, e.g. ^numbers of mitochondria and myoglobin, ^capillary density, these improve capacity for aerobic respiration and therefore avoid use of lactate anaerobic system

55
Q

Factors affecting VO2 max

A

–Lifestyle
–Body composition
–Training
–Genetics
–Gender
–Age

56
Q

How do measure energy expenditure

A

–Indirect calorimetry
–Lactate Sampling
–VO2 Max test
–Respiratory Exchange Ratio

57
Q

Define Indirect Calorimetry

A

Measures the production of CO2 and/or consumption of O2

58
Q

What is lactate sampling

A

Taking a tiny blood sample and a handheld device analyses the blood and indicates how much lactate is present

59
Q

What is the VO2 Max test

A

E.g. Cycle ergometer, a stationary bike that measures how much work is being performed or on treadmill, worked to exhaustion

Pe Year 1 Section A (4 decks)

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