Energy Security 3

Question 1

Give 5 causes of growing competition between countries for energy supplies

Answer 1

• Population growth
• Increasing energy demand, social development + rising incomes
• Increased globalisation increases demand for transport movement of goods which relies on energy
• Declining reserves of fossil fuels
• Imbalance between patterns of energy supply and consumption

Question 2

Energy demand to grow by…% by 2040

Answer 2

30%

Question 3

Give 5 consequences of growing competition between countries for energy supplies

Answer 3

Environmental implications - increased CO2 in short term

Greater investment in domestic and alternative energy supplies (US shale oil allows them to become self-sufficient)

Geopolitical tensions/conflicts over supplies (Russia pipeline)

Improvements in energy transfers

New resource frontiers explored

Question 4

7 of the world’s ten largest TNC’s are in the………sector

Answer 4

Energy

Question 5

TNC’s are key players in the process of exploration, production and……….of energy supplies

Answer 5

Trade

Question 6

Why are governments of lower income countries becoming less reliant on TNC investment

Answer 6

Seek a greater share of revenues form domestic reserves and are extending the role of state-owned companies

Question 7

When was the Deepwater Horizon explosion

Answer 7

2010 in the Gulf of Mexico

5 month spill

Question 8

Give the 5 activities BP does in order of manufacture

Answer 8

Exploration (finding oil + gas)

Developing and extracting oil + gas

Transporting and trading (pipelines/tankers)

Manufacturing and processing

Marketing fuels/products

Question 9

Define vertical integration

Answer 9

Where one company owns/controls multiple stages in the production and distribution chain

Question 10

Which processes fall under upstream

Answer 10

Exploration

Developing/extracting

Question 11

Which processes fall under downstream

Answer 11

Transporting/trading

Manufacturing/processing

Marketing

Question 12

How much of Louisiana’s shoreline was affected

Answer 12

510km

Question 13

Give 4 areas of the environment Deepwater oil spill impacted

Answer 13

Barrier islands

Continental shelf + shallow waters

Open ocean

Deepwater

Question 14

How did the oil spill impact Barrier islands (3)

Answer 14

Put a whole generation of brown pelicans at risk as spill occurred during mating season

5 of the world’s seven species of turtle live in the Gulf of Mexico and their eggs may suffer from chemical exposure - decreasing survival rates

Decrease in sunlight exposure to coral reefs - less photosynthesis - less oxygenated water

Question 15

How did the oil spill impact Continental shelf and shallow waters (4)

Answer 15

Underwater oil plumes can affect coral reefs + sea grass beds which are home to a range of invertebrates

Shark eggs and young sharks (sand tiger shark) which spawn and use the sea’s grass beds as nurseries are at risk

Brown shrimps are especially vunerable to contamination due to their thin shells and exposed legs/eyes

Blue crabs - oil can coat their gills and cause respiratory problems

Question 16

How did the oil spill impact the open ocean (3)

Answer 16

Jellyfish have no means of avoiding the oil as they drift in ocean currents. If they become covered, species that feed on them (turtles + sperm whales) will angst the oil

Blue fish tuna have declined to less than 20% their original 1970 population

Blocks light in the twighlight zone, preventing photosynthesis - less plankton - impacting whale sharks

Question 17

How did the oil spill generally affect the Ocean

Answer 17

Over 400 animal species in the Gulf of Mexico were threatened by the spill

Area affected by the spill includes 1,200 fish species, 200 birds, 4 sea turtles and 30 marine mamals

By November 2010, 6,800 dead animals had been reported

Oil can harm fish directly + microbes used to consume the oil result in depleted oxygen levels - marine cosytem could take decades to recover

Question 18

Despite the Deepwater spill being the largest in history, how was the impact mitigated slightly and less than other spills

Answer 18

Warmer water (increased bacterial activity)

Oil leaked deep underwater, rather than directly onshore