Energy Reproduction C

Question 1

energy and nutrients are required for

Answer 1

sperm
egg
foetus
reproductive organs
milk
heat for egg incubation
territorial defense
nest and burrow construction
searching for food for young

Question 2

reproduction in males

Answer 2

testicular growth and sperm production - minimal energy and protein requirements

Question 3

reproduction in females

Answer 3

ovary and oviduct growth - minimal energy and protein requirements
uterus and mammary growth, lactation - MAIN ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Question 4

uterus growth

Answer 4

80% of growth within last 40% of gestation

water content decreases; protein, fat and mineral content increase

Question 5

Crop milk

Answer 5

fed by birds to young
sloughed, crop-wall epithelial cells rich in fat and protein, feed as only food for first 3 days gradually mixed with other food, production for 3-4weeks

Question 6

Penguins feed young

Answer 6

a secretion from oesophageal epithelial cells

Question 7

Flamingos feed young

Answer 7

a secretion from oesophageal mucous glands

Question 8

Colostrum

Answer 8

first milk produced each lactation, may contain IgG immunoglobulins to provide passive immunity to the neonate

Question 9

Taurine

Answer 9

essential for most mammalian neonates especially carnivores usually highest in colostrum

Question 10

egg production requirements

Answer 10

depends on egg #, size, composition, laying interval

Question 11

egg size

Answer 11

inversely proportional to BW
smaller birds lay larger eggs relative to BW
varies with age of female, young may lay very small
varies with availability of food, smaller when food scarce

Question 12

egg composition

Answer 12

depends on stage of development of embryo at hatching

yolk size larger in precocial species than altricial, to support more advanced development before hatching

Question 13

altricial species

Answer 13

young show delay in becoming independent
born naked, blind and immobile
crows, robins, mice

Question 14

precocial species

Answer 14

high degree of independence from birth
born with pelage, sight and mobile
chickens, deer

Question 15

nidicolous species

Answer 15

nest loving
young remain in nest being fed for a prolonged period
altricial

Question 16

nidifugous species

Answer 16

nest fleeing
young leave nest almost immediately after hatching and go look for food
precocial

Question 17

yolk vs albumen

Answer 17

yolk much closer in size to albumen in precocial species

yolk contains lipids and higher protein than albumen which also has no lipids

Question 18

incubation

Answer 18

heat is needed to start embryonic development in the egg and allow it to continue