Energy, Power, and Transportation Flashcards
excellent pay and continue intellectual stimulation
Careers
decomposed bodies of prehistoric creatures, carbon and hydrogen. Main ingredient in natural gas is methane. Oil is useless unless purified
Fossil Fuel
stored capacity of energy. Unit of measurement in energy is one joule (J)
Potential Energy
when an object is in motion. Velocity of the object has much more effect on KE then the mass
Kinetic Energy (KE).
energy required to exert a given force over a given distance. (Force * Distance) Unit is the Joule (J) = one Newton of Force One Newton Forces is the amount of work to go one meter
Work
the amount of work performed in a certain interval. (= work/time) = 1J per second aka a Watt
Power
heat
Thermal Energy
All but 16% of all energy is consumed from coal 22%, oil 37%, natural gas 25%
Power from Fossil Fuels
Sunlight hits an outer layer of phosphorus and silicon, exciting electrons and generating current in a circuit
How Solar Works
Derived from the Sun, temperatures create high and low pressures to turn wind turbines
Wind Power
Water from the resulting reservoir sent through “penstocks” that spin the turbines.
Hydroelectric
chain reactions to create energy through FUSION
Nuclear Energy
Hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen oxidized to emit electrons that act as an electrical current flowing to the oxygen chamber where it loses its electrons
Fuel Cells
2/3 energy loss in fossil fuels. scientists working on inefficiencies to minimize energy loss
Energy loss during conversion
the amount of energy in the universe never changes - known as the law of conservation of energy (energy cannot be created or destroyed)
Energy Conservation
Efficiency is equal to the amount of work done divided by the amount of energy consumes
Efficiency = Work/Energy consumed
Energy Efficiency
created when electrons are gained or lost. no electrons are created or destroyed in charging process. positive charge is equal to the negative charge is a phenomenon known as the conservation of charge.
Electrical Charge
Force Relationship - Unit of Charge of attraction or expansion is a (C). Used in electromagnetism
Coulomb’s Law
measured in amperes (A). An Ampere is equal to the rate of flow of one coulomb of charge per second.
Electrical Current
DC - one direction / AC alternating directions. In a DC system, electrons move a a speed of less than on centimeter per second
Direct and Alternating Currents
The amount of Pressure a power source creates to move electrons
Volta - Voltage
The amount of electricity used by an item
Amps - Amperage
The amount of electricity and item uses (amps) multiplied by the size of the power source the item needs (volts)
Watts - Wattage
measured in ohm’s, no resistance is a superconductor, decreasing a conductors temperature lowers its resistance
Electrical Resistance
Current = voltage/resistance
In Electricity, when I use thicker wires, my power source needs to be larger to push electrons through the larger area. When I use thinner wires, my power source can get smaller.
Ohm’s Law
The amount of work a current can do in an interval. Only exists when the current is converted into a different form of energy like spinning blades or light on a bulb
(current) x (voltage) = Wattage (electric Power)
Electrical Power (wattage)
All the devices are connected along the same pathway. Main problem is in a series circuit, failure of one device breaks the entire circuit. Each device gets the same amount of voltage.
Series Circuit
Each device has its own electron path. Wires branch out to each device. Voltage is the same but the current (amps) is divided up in each branch. Current is equal to the sum of the currents in all parallel branches.
Parallel Circuit
the point in a circuit where the current is either initiated or broken (battery has two terminals)
Terminal (Electronic Components)
controls the level of current in a circuit by providing resistance, most convert electrical current into heat which takes it out of the system
Resistor (Electronic Components)
restricts the flow of current in one direction only, used to convert alternating current into direct current and to amplify the current in one direction, composed of two parts (anode and cathode)
Diode (Electronic Components)
any device, such as a transistor or an electron tube, that increase the amplitude of an electrical current (produces an input signal and produces a larger signal with identical wave form)
Amplifier (Electronic Components)
(aka Condenser) stores electrical charge temporarily, typically composed of two metal plates separated by a thin insulator(often air) used for controlling and moderating current
Capacitor (Electronic Components)
converts energy into a different form (microphone converts sound energy into electricity) (photoelectric cell converts light energy into electricity) (loudspeaker converts electricity into sound)
Transducer (Electronic Components)
identifies and possibly responds to certain electrical signals
Detector (Electronic Components)
can function in a circuit as a detector, switch, or amplifier
Transistor (Electronic Components)
shifts electric Energy from one circuit to another, often with a change in current or voltage. (a small transformer is used to diminish the current flowing through a doorbell in order to reduce the risk of shock)
Transformer (Electronic Devices)
alternately completes, diverts, or breaks a circuit
Switch (Electronic Devices)
a type of switch that, when activated by a small current, initiates a larger current, when the small current reaches the relay, a gate is closed, thus completing the circuit for the larger current (relays are used in televisions and telephone transmission, in which a small input signal initiates the broadcast of a a much larger signal)
Relay (Electronic Devices)
converts chemical energy into mechanical energy through burning. Lose much on energy through hear
Internal Combustion Engines
Convert magnetic force into kinetic energy. DC motor, a wire coil is placed between two charged pieces of metal, current through coil causes it to rotate. A commutator reverses the charge of the wire every time it makes a rotation to ensure continuous spinning
Electric Motors
elliptical wheel that, when connected to a driveshaft, powers some mechanical motion. (in automobile engine, the up-and-down motion of the pistons rotates the cams causing the wheels to move forward
Cams
interlocking toothed wheels, one which is connected to a shaft, when shaft is twisted, the drive wheel spins in one direction that causes the other wheel to be spin in the opposite direction, if the other wheel is smaller than the drive wheel, it spins more quickly but produces less force, if the other wheel is larger than the drive wheel, it moves more slowly with with greater force.
Gears
a system of connected bars held together by springs or hinges, the piston, rod, and crank in the car engine comprise a for-bar linkage.
Linkages
operate with the aid of compressed air. known for being safe because compressed air isnt flammable.
Pneumatics
rely on pressure exerted by liquid in a tube. most liquids cannot be compressed, known for being efficient and generating more force than pneumatics
Hydraulics
regular cleaning, lube, Mechanics must be able t evaluate data as well as repairs.
Basic Motor Maintenance and Repair
- Transportation planners address local and regional issues
- Transit operation analysists (two year degree in transportation technology)
- Civil Engineering Technicians (two year degree in civil engineering)
CAREERS - Energy, Power, Transportation
Train runs along a railway, can be powered by steam, diesel, electricity, gas turbines, gravity, cables, and more
Rail, Air, & Road Transportation
- Marine Transport is highly efficient and cost effective, but tends to be slow
- Space Transport, rarest form of transportation
- Intermodal Transportation uses multiple transportation systems before reaching destination.
Marine, Space, & Intermodal Transportation
Urban Sprawl and increasing populations changes transportation networks
Problems associated with transportation systems
ICE - Internal Combustion Engine (two-stroke, four stroke, diesel, wankel, jet engines, and gas turbines)
ECE - External Combustion Engine (heat source expands in a fluid such as steam an stirling engines {stirling engines in cooling systems})
Internal and External Combustion Engines
The Alliance of Automobile Manufactures - common interests and works for social transportations
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) - provides training and certification
National Aviation Authority (NAA) - to be certified in aviation industry [Air Operators Certificate (AOC)]
Transportation Industries
Buoyancy is a force that causes objects to float in a fluid.
Gravitation acceleration is a downward force exerted on an object by gravity.
Buoyance and Gravitational Acceleration
equals an object mass multiplied by its velocity [p = mv]
Momentum
an objects innate resistance to changes in the state of motion or rest. Stationary object will stay stationary and a moving object will keep moving without outside forces. The more mass the more inertia. Knowledge to know force to propel an object for transport
Inertia
force that gravity applies on an object
Weight
generates thrust by pushing airflow over a wing
Air Transportation
relies on propellers driven by some type of internal combustion or steam engine, some ships still relies on sails and oars
Marine Transportation
uses rocket engine to expel hot gas
Space Transportation
relies on wheels driven by some type of power force (combustion engines, electric motors, animal muscle)
Road & Rail Transportation
seeks to decrease the risks, improve productivity and lower operating costs of a companies fleet of vehicles.
Fleet Management
selecting most efficient and effective means to access roadways that vehicles use to reach destination
Routing
process of assigning customers to routes
Scheduling
gearbox uses gear rations to convert between speed and torque. Transmission needed because engines operates at higher RPM that wheels rotate. Can also increase fuel efficiency.
Transmission is tow or more meshed gears working together. Smaller cog turns a larger cog, the larger cog possessed more torque
Transmission & Gear
crankshaft converts linear motion of the pistons into the transmission to turn the wheels. Crankshaft in connected to pistons via a series of rods.
Pistons and Crank Shaft
a belt and pully system can perform speed and torque conversion if the pulleys differ in size.
Belt and Pulley System
Variety of Causes - 1) worn piston rings, 2) when two neighboring pistons have low compression leaking head gasket probable cause.
Weak Compression within an Internal Combustion Engine
LARGE FLUCTUATIONS
- Intake manifold leak in one cylinder
- wear in the intake valve guides
- defection piston or piston rings
- faulty throttle shaft
LOW READINGS -poor valve timing -faulty vacuum lines -faulty carburetor throttle shaft damage flange gasket
Weak or Fluctuating Vacuum Readings
Engine Blocks made from cast iron. Pistons made from aluminum. Compression tests done when engine is hot.
Modern Ships made of Steel
Commercial airplanes built using aluminum alloys an d composite material. Titanium used in jet’s engines and structural members
Creating Automobile Engines, Ship’s Hulls, & Airplanes
