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Energy Security U2 > Energy Pathways > Flashcards

Energy Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Define : Energy pathways

A

flows of energy from producer to consumer

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2
Q

What is the greatest region in terms of net exports of energy?

A

the Middle East

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3
Q

Where does the USA import most of its oil from? How many barrels?

A

Canada

2,435 barrels

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4
Q

Where is the Middle East’s biggest oil market?

A

Japan

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5
Q

Is Europe or China’s oil imports from the Middle East greater?

A

Europe

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6
Q

For every 100lites of oil consumed in the EU, how many are imported?

A

90litres

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7
Q

EU domestic oil production has declined by what in the past decade?

A

declined 50%

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8
Q

Since when has EU oil production declined by 50%

A

in the past decade

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9
Q

The proposed Nord Stream II pipeline proposes funnelling gas from where to where?

A

from Russia to Germany

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10
Q

What is the Nord Stream II pipeline a response to

A

declining energy security in Europe

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11
Q

What has Brazil done to increase its domestic energy security?

A

worked since 1970 to reduce energy imports

now major exporter of bioethanol

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12
Q

Where is now a major exporter of bioethanol after being an energy importer pre-1970s?

A

Brazil

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13
Q

What advantages can Europe receive if they take advantage of biofuels produced from agricultural and household waste?

A
  • improve energy security
  • recycle waste
  • produce jobs (often in rural areas)
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14
Q

The proposed Nabucco pipeline would transport what?

A

Natural gas

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15
Q

Nabucco would run for how long?

A

3,000km

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16
Q

Nabisco would take gas from where to where? Crossing what river?

A

from Iran / Kazahstan / Egypt to Austria via Turkey and Eastern Europe

crosses Danube

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17
Q

How much would Nabucco cost?

A

8billion euros

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18
Q

Environmental damage of Nabucco

A

11 national parks crossed

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19
Q

Where would Nabucco deliver gas from?

A

Iran / Kazahstan / Egypt

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20
Q

Why is the Nabucco pipeline being proposed?

A

to lessen European dependence on Russian gas supplies

soon Russia will not have the capacity to meet European natural gas demands alone

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21
Q

What is a political problem with the Nabucco pipeline?

A

Iran and Syria still politically unstable

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22
Q

Name X2 major ‘oil crises’

A

1973 and 1980s

23
Q

What did the 1973 and 1980s oil crises impact in terms of energy policy?

A

encouraged countries to diversify their energy policies

24
Q

What security concerns are there to do with transporting energy?

A
  • piracy
  • terrorism
  • politiical rivalrises
25
Q

what is recuired to ensure safe transport of energy across borders? What does this do for energy import prices?

A

mass private investment in security

raises imported energy costs massively

26
Q

What has increased energy costs meant for exploration?

A

previously ‘unconventional’ sources now economical to exploit

some vulnerable areas now attractive as energy reserves e.g Greenland

27
Q

Name a tar sands hotspot

A

Alberta, Canada

28
Q

How many barrels of oil from tar sands is in Alberta, Canada approximately

A

2.5trillion barrels

29
Q

How many barrels of shale oil is there in west USA?

A

2trillion barrels

30
Q

in 2007 what % did tar sands make of Canada’s total exports?

A

20%

31
Q

When do tar sands in Canada become economically viable?

A

if oil prices are above $50 a barrel

32
Q

Are tar sands in Canada currently (2016) economical to exploit?

A

No - has to be over $50 a barrel

33
Q

How much does it cost to extract a barrel of oil from tar sand in Canada? How much is it for conventional crude oil?

A

$15 for tar sand oil

$2 for crude oil

34
Q

Quote from Greenpeace on tar sands

A

“Tar sands are the greatest climate crime”

35
Q

Environmental negatives of exploiting oil from tar sands;

A
  • 2-5 barrels of water required per barrel of oil
  • high energy use
  • lakes of toxic waste from tar sand waste
  • requires land to be deforested of mining
  • largest oil reserve in North america located in Arctic National Wildlife Refugee
36
Q

How much energy equivalent does it require to make tar sand oil?

A

1 barrel of oil in energy for 3 barrels of tar sand oil to produce

37
Q

lakes of toxic tar sand waste cover how much area in Canada?

A

130km^2

38
Q

What are mining companies exploiting tar sands in Canada required to do?

A

replant areas disrupted by mining

39
Q

Which is greater, Canada’s tar sand reserves, or Saudi’s oil reserves?

A

Canada’s tar sand reserves

40
Q

Name another area apart from Canada rich in tar sand

A

Venezuela

41
Q

Where was the largest oil producer in barrels per day in 2015?

A

USA

42
Q

Where was the second largest producer in barrels per day in 2015?

A

Russia

43
Q

Where was Saudi ranked in largest producers in barrels per day of oil in 2015? What does this suggest about OPEC?

A

3rd

Not as large an influence as previously

44
Q

Name 2 OPEC nations China ranked above in oil produced in barrels per day in 2015?

A

UAE

Iraq

45
Q

Define : transit state

A

country or state through which energy flows on its way from producer to consumer

46
Q

Define : geopolitics

A

study of the ways in which political decisions and processes affect the way space and resources are used, therefore linking geography, economics and politics

47
Q

East Siberia-Pacific Ocean Oil Pipeline budget likely over…

A

$20billion

48
Q

X4 reasons for increasing cost of East Siberia-Pacific Ocean Oil Pipeline

A
  • rising global steel price
  • cost of rerouting further north
  • difficulties dealing with permafrost
  • cost of protection / security
49
Q

Originally the East-Siberia Pacific Oil Pipeline was meant to run through the habitat of which rare animal? in what location?

A

the Amur leopard in Siberia

50
Q

Environmental consideration the ESPO pipeline had to take into account

A

original route was too close to Lake Baikal

51
Q

What is significant about Lake Baikal?

A

largest freshwater lake

protected by UNESCO

52
Q

Reasons for increasing likelihood of disruption;

x6

A
  • rise of consumption / population
  • concentration of production
  • unpredictability of energy hotspots
  • exhausting reserves = $$$ increases
  • low prices currently meaning less sustainable investment
  • terrorism
53
Q

Reasons for uncertainty about future energy supplies;

ACRONYM : 
Every 
Uni 
Teacher
Loves 
Receiving 
Everyday 
Uni 
Perks
A
  • decisions to exploit
  • undiscovered sources may become available
  • new tech may decrease cost of extraction
  • switch to renewables unknown
  • population growth
  • emergent economies demand
  • contribution of unconventional
  • impact of rising living standards
54
Q

Technology future scenarios;

A
  • business as usual
  • tech convergence
  • energy efficiency
  • tech transfer

Energy Security U2 (17 decks)

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