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Energy Security U2 > Defining Energy > Flashcards

Defining Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What SDG for 2030 Agenda is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all?

A

SDG 7

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2
Q

What is SDG 7

A

to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

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3
Q

Define : Fossil Fuels

A

those formed over geological time from party decayed remains of plants and animals

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4
Q

Why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable?

A

because they can only be replaced over considerable periods of geological time

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5
Q

X3 methods of sourcing fossil fuels

A

quarrying, mining + pumping

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6
Q

Define : Renewable Sources

A

sources of energy that are capable of natural regeneration on a human timescale

provide almost continuous flow of energy

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7
Q

Define : Primary energy

A

energy found in natural resources

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8
Q

Define : Secondary energy

A

energy that has been converted into a more convenient form (e.g electricity)

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9
Q

What type of rock is coal?

A

sedimentary rock

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10
Q

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from coal

A

14-19

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11
Q

Advantage of coal

A

cheap due to abundance

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12
Q

Environmental damage of coal X3 points

A

mass CO2 and sulphur released

largely not efficient per unit of CO2

carbon capture technology unproven and $$$

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13
Q

Social concern over coal X2

A
  • mining safety concerns

- HICs reputation - coal seen as increasingly dirty

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14
Q

Where is natural gas found?

A

underground

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15
Q

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from natural gas

A

50

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16
Q

What is happening with China and its coal usage?

A

previously building power stations at rate of 1 per week

although slowing down after first ‘red alert’ in December 2015

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17
Q

What country banned shale gas exploitation in 2010?

A

France

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18
Q

What is a concern with developing shale gas?

A

in terms of water supply

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19
Q

What is a disadvantage with natural gas in terms of social and security?

A

$$$

concerns over security of supply (e.g Russia)

20
Q

Advantage of natural gas

A

cleanest of fossil fuels

21
Q

Nuclear fission involves what process;

A

division of heavy nuclear into x2

22
Q

In nuclear fission energy is converted into what form, what happens to provide electricity?

A

energy converted into heat

steam drives turbines

23
Q

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from nuclear fission

A

88million

24
Q

Environmental position of nuclear fission

A

no emissions

25
Q

Social concern with nuclear energy

= limited social acceptance

A

health accidents e.g Chernobyl

$$$ to build and decommission

disposal of raw material

26
Q

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from crude oil

A

47

27
Q

what has happened to crude oil supplies

A

have reached, or very close to, reaching peak

28
Q

what X2 products does crude oil produce when burnt

A

releases carbon dioxide + sulphur dioxide (acid rain)

29
Q

Solar energy can be harnessed from what type of cells?

A

photovoltaic

30
Q

disadvantage of solar energy harnessed by photovoltaic cells (x2)

A

distribution and availability varies spatially / temporally

photovoltaic tech more expensive than fossil fuels

31
Q

X2 disadvantages of harnessing energy from oceans

A

only suitable to generate at certain locations

large devices needed since oceans have low energy densities

32
Q

wind energy is related to and caused by what?

A

related to solar activity

which causes differences in atmosphere / pressure temperature

33
Q

X4 issues related to wind generation

A

NIMBY issues

needs subsidies to make economical for consumers

only certain locations viable

not constantly reliable - difficult to power a grid without back up

34
Q

What can combat NIMBY in relation to wind generation?

A

offshore turbines

although these are more $$$

35
Q

Biomass can take multiple forms, name X3;

A
  • bioethanol / biodiesel
  • biogas
  • solid biomass
36
Q

Is biomass carbon neutral?

A

it is in that it is recyclable

however not in the full life-cycle of its transportation and processing

37
Q

What type of issues can the use of maize as biomass bring up?

A

food shortage issues

38
Q

What is an issue with the amount of energy released by biomass?

A

low energy density

6-17 Mj Kg^-1

39
Q

X2 advantages of biomass

A

act as carbon sink

competes with oil in cheapness

40
Q

Hydrological energy is harnessed from what?

A

the movement of water owing to gravity

41
Q

How is hydrological energy harnessed?

A

‘Head’ of water stored

then released to drive turbines

42
Q

Disadvantages X3 of hydrological energy

A
  • $$$
  • environmental impacts of building dams
  • small micro-hydro plants often not viable
43
Q

Geothermal energy can be trapped as X2

A

hot water / steam

hot dry rock energy

44
Q

Disadvantage of geothermal energy

A

availability limited to a few locations

e.g Philippines / Iceland

45
Q

What is the largest consumer of primary energy?

A

electricity

46
Q

Define : technocentric

Define : technophobe / luddite

A

Technocentric :
individual with absolute faith in tech, believes humans have control over nature
akin to Boserup

Technophobe / luddite :
dislikes / is afraid of new technology
actively seeks to avoid it
believes tech is a threat to jobs

Energy Security U2 (17 decks)

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