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Energy Security U2 > Energy Case Studies > Flashcards

Energy Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

X3 factors a transition from traditional to modern energy is controlled by;

A
  • energy availability
  • energy affordability
  • cultural preferences
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2
Q

Why is traditional energy more affordable than modern energy?

A

biomass / wood readily available or free in rural areas

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3
Q

example of cultural preferences in energy supply

A

wood fires over electric fires in the UK

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4
Q

Low development tend to use what fuel for heating / cooking

A

biomass

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5
Q

Mid development tend to use what fuel for heating / cooking

A

biomass or coal

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6
Q

High development tend to use what fuel for cooking / heating

A

gas, electricity or oil

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7
Q

Aluminising can recycling can save what % of the energy it takes to process aluminium?

A

saves 95% of energy

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8
Q

Energy efficiency is enforced in some areas via …

A

green legislation or green taxation

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9
Q

Disadvantage of polluter pays principle;

A
  • taxes may not be spent on improving things
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10
Q

Taxing humans advantage;

A
  • could be spent on public transport or healthcare
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11
Q

Disadvantage of subsidising petrol for people people;

A
  • promotes excessive production or usage
    e. g two cars
  • likely to increase pollution
    = low air quality / congestion
  • large % of spending on fuel rather than on health / public transport etc.
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12
Q

X4 economic costs associated with extracting oil;

A
  • high extraction cost
  • technical difficulties, esp. in unconventional sources
  • possibility of peak oil approaching (infrastructure sees less return)
  • disputed areas e.g Arctic - mass funding to fund research / legal cases
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13
Q

X3 reasons why consumption of energy may increase in industrialising nations?

A
  • mass transport / car ownership increase
  • economic growth prioritised over green issues
  • increase in power capacity incentivises increased consumption
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14
Q

What may influence energy sources chosen by HIC countries?

A
  • green priorities
  • international pressure to address climate change e.g Paris Climate Conference 2015
  • $$$ investment in green tech
  • need to find greater energy security
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15
Q

Morocco has increased its solar capacity, what is the name of its mega project?

A

Noor 1

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16
Q

What type of tech does Morocco’s Noor 1 use?

A

mirror technology (500,000 mirrors) not photovoltaic

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17
Q

What is an advantage of mirror technology over photovoltaics?

A

mirror tech can be used to generate energy even when the sun sets

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18
Q

What fraction of Morocco’s energy is to be powered by solar by 2020?

A

1/3

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19
Q

What plan to transport solar energy to Europe was dropped in 2013?

A

Desertec

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20
Q

Previously before Noor 1 Morocco imported what % of its energy?

A

94%

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21
Q

What X4 fuel reserves are found in Russia?

A
  • uranium
  • coal
  • gas
  • oil
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22
Q

Russia has the largest reserve in the world of what fossil fuel?

A

natural gas

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23
Q

In terms of global coal reserve volume, where does Russia rank?

A

2nd overall

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24
Q

Where does Russia rank in terms of global uranium supply?

A

10th overall

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25
Q

Is the country energy secure?

A

Yes highly secure

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26
Q

Where is Russia’s largest market for gas? What is happening to this market?

A

Europe

market decreasing as Europe seeks alternative sources and to decrease reliance on Russia

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27
Q

What type of case was launched by the European Commissioner against Russia? When was this launched?

A

anti-trust case against Gazprom

2012

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28
Q

China produced what % of global coal in 2007?

A

41.1%

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29
Q

What is China doing to the coal market?

A

flooding the coal market with its supply

causing decline of coal industries elsewhere

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30
Q

Coal supplied what % of China’s consumption in 2012?

A

66%

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31
Q

HEP accounts for what % of China’s energy production?

A

16%

32
Q

How large are China’s reserves? Will they be able to cope with demand?

A

not large enough to be highly energy secure

not diverse enough

33
Q

20% of China’s oil needs are met by where?

A

Saudi

34
Q

What fraction of global oil demand has CHian been responsible for since 2000?

A

1/3

35
Q

Where has China invested in to increase its energy security? How much was invested?

A

$10billion investment into Nigerian oilfields

36
Q

What area / environment has physical properties which are not advantageous for wind?

A

central Africa and around the equator

mountainous areas don’t work well with turbines

37
Q

What geographical area has the greatest potential for solar radiation?

A

areas contained between the X2 tropics

38
Q

Where is there high levels of solar radiation which would be inappropriate to utilise?

A

above the Pacific

39
Q

In 2035 what % of its oil will China be importing?

A

85%

40
Q

In 2035 how much will China be spending annually on imported oil?

A

$400billion

41
Q

To increase energy efficiency what is one of the 7 new pillar industries identified in CHina’s current 5 year plan?

A

electric vehicles

42
Q

When did China’s doors become ‘open’ to overseas investment?

A

1986

43
Q

Since 1980 what duration has China’s economy doubled every…

A

doubled every 8 years

44
Q

What % of global oil reserves does China control?

A

only 3%

45
Q

Until when was China self-sufficient in oil?

A

1993

46
Q

Surge in electricity demand in China in 2002 led to what? what does this show about China’s energy security?

A

led to blackouts

shows they have limited energy security

47
Q

X2 main reasons for growth in Chinese energy demand;

A
  • rural-urban migration

- agriculture

48
Q

When did China become an urbanised nation?

A

2010

49
Q

What % of China’s energy consumption does agriculture use?

A

71%

50
Q

By 2030 what is China’s car ownership per 1,000?

A

267 per 1,000

51
Q

in 2002 what was CHina’s car ownership per 1,000?

A

under 20 per 1,000

52
Q

what % of china’s energy consumption goes into transportation?

A

under 10%

53
Q

What natural disaster damaged much hydroelectric potential by collapsing dams in China?

A

Sichuan province EQ in 2008

54
Q

X3 factors leading to poor Chinese energy security;

A
  • much of energy imports go through Straight of Malaca
  • low levels of diversity
  • lack of energy efficiency
55
Q

X5 things China has done to improve energy security;

A
  • electronic vehicles one of X7 new ‘pillar industries’
  • increasing diversity (e.g production of cheap photovoltaic cells)
  • upgrading military air strip to protect supplies
  • plans to build HEP on all major rivers
  • Chinese companies get guidance of which countries to invest in
56
Q

Short term impacts of increased energy demand in China x3

A
  • increase in energy prices
  • health issues - respiratory problems
  • greater dependency on foreign imports
57
Q

Long term impacts of increased energy demand in China x4

A
  • long-term debt
  • global warming
  • peaking reserves and declining production
  • may go into exploiting vulnerable habitats
    e. g Tarim Basin
58
Q

Vulnerable ecosystem in China rich in energy reserves which China may exploit to increase energy security

A

Tarim Basin

59
Q

What % of Japan’s energy is imported?

A

80%

60
Q

What % of Japan’s energy is nuclear?

A

35%

61
Q

Risks to energy security in N.America; X4

A
  • power of environmental lobby + agreements to control emissions
  • proliferation risks from commercial nuclear power
  • vulnerability of infrastructure to terrorist attack
    e. g Panama canal “choking point”
  • geopolitical tensions in Asia
62
Q

What has been happening to crude oil production in the USA since 1990?

A

declining

63
Q

What has been happening to natural gas production in the USA since 1990?

A

increasing

although supply still less than demand

64
Q

What is the relationship between coal production and demand in the USA?

A

production in 2010 was X2 greater than demand

65
Q

All of NAFTA has net exports in what fossil fuel?

A

Natural gas

66
Q

In Canada when did oil production outstrip demand?

A

2000

67
Q

When did extraction of oil from Canadian tar sands begin?

A

1960

68
Q

When were the ‘tortilla riots’ in Mexico?

A

2007

69
Q

What were 2007’s tortilla riots in Mexico over?

A

rising fuel prices of 40% due to selling biofuel maize crops to the USA (2006-2008)

70
Q

What do China and Russia share political interest over?

A

US military presence in Asia-Pacific

71
Q

What would the ESPO reduce Japanese dependence on middle eastern oil by?

A

10-15%

72
Q

What would the ESPO deliver? From who to where?

A

Would deliver Russian oil to Japan and China

73
Q

What would be notable about the ESPO?

A

would be the longest most extensive pipeline ever built

74
Q

There are multiple reasons for pathway disruption, name X4 human causes;

A
  • price and payment disputes
  • piracy
  • terrorism / conflict at choking points
  • political discord between transit states + supplier
75
Q

There are multiple reasons for pathway disruption, name X4 physical causes;

A
  • natural disasters
  • producer’s supply becoming exhausted
  • subsidence under pipelines (e.g Alaska)
  • technical disruption
76
Q

Name a choking point which is a hub for energy transfers;

give an example of piracy here

A

Gulf of Aden

Irene SL containing 20% of a day of oil imports for USA was seized
= losses of $125million

77
Q

Example of conflict resulting in terrorist activity on energy infrastructure;

A
  • Abqaiq, Saudi oil refinery (2006)
    = 75% of Saudi’s total output
  • Niger Delta Conflict
    pipelines of Shell / Exxon being broken by militia = causing leaking oil

Energy Security U2 (17 decks)

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