Energy Management for a Sustainable Climate & Society Flashcards
Midterm 2
Capacity (Definition)
Maximum Power Output
The amount of electricity that a generator can produce when it is running at full blast.
Megawatts or kilowatts
Three types of capacity measures
Nameplate Generator capacity
Net summer generator capacity
Net winter generator capacity.
Capacity factor formula
C.F = Ratio of actual electric output / theoretical maximum
Actual Electric output ; Running on a reasonable period of time.
Theoretical Maximum ; Plant run non stopping.
Electric Generator (Definition)
Converts mechanical energy of spinning shaft into electrical energy.
Electric Generator (How it works ?)
A magnet and a coil of wire are moved relative to each other, an electric current is induced in the wire.
Energy source can vary; steam, exhaust gas, hydro, wind, internal combustion engine.
Types of turbines
-Steam turbine
-Combustion (gas) turbine
-Hydroelectric turbines
-Wind turbines
Electric turbine Diagram
Can be air or water
Steam Turbine (Definition)
Device that converts high-pressure steam, produced in a boiler, into mechanical energy that can be used to produce electricity by forcing blades in a cylinder to rotate and turn a generator shaft.
Steam Turbines concentrated Solar
Use a mirror configuration to concentrate the sun’s light energy onto a receiver and convert it into heat.
Steam Turbines (Geothermal)
Generate electricity by rawing hot water steam from underground reservoirs and piping it to the surface.
Steam Turbines (nuclear)
Boiling water nuclear reaction
The reaction core heat water, which turns directly into steam in the reactor vessel. The steam is used to power a turbine generator
Hydroelectric Turbines (Power)
Hydroelectric power
The use of flowing water to produce electrical energy
Variations of Hydropower
Damp
Run of river
Pumped-storage
Tidal
Combustion gas turbine (Definition)
Air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is burned. The hot gases are passed to the turbine and drive the generator
Combine cycle (Definition)
An electric generator technology in which electricity is produced from otherwise lost waste heat exiting from one or more gas (combustion) turbines.
The existing heat is routed to a conventional boiler or to a heat recovery steam generator for a steam turbine to produce electricity.
Exp. CHP
CHP (Definition)
A plant designed to produce both heat and electricity from a single heat source.
Types of crude oil
Heavy oil
Light oil
Heavy oil
Evaporates slowly
Contains material; that will be used to make heavy products like asphalt and feedstock for plastic and petrochemicals
Light Oil
Requires less processing
Produces a great percentage of gasoline and diesel.
API (American Petroleum Insitution) gravity
Measure of petroleum density relative to water.
Greater the API the lighter the crude oil
Crude oil distillation unit and products (Oil refiners)
Distillation unit: apparatus use in refining process to separate mixtures
Petroleum products made from a barrel of crude oil
gasoline-distillate-jet fuel-other products
Coal to liquids and gas to liquids
Starting materials: Coal, natural gas
Syngas Production: Thsi matarials foes though a process name syngas, a mixture of hyfrogen and carbon monoxide.
Ficher-Tropsch Process : The syngas goes into the Ficher whre its chemically transform into liquid fuels.
Production: Produces duisela andothe types of liquid fuels.
Example of coal-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid
Coal to produce diesel and gasoline - South Africa
Natural Gas to produce disel - Qatar
Deeper into Nuclear
Free neutrons hits U235 atom truning in into excited U236 that immediatly splits into smaller elements, releasing energy and free neutrons to sustain vchain recation
Solar Photovoltaics cells (Definition)
An electronic device consisting of layers of semiconductor materials fabricated to from a junction and electrical contacts and being capable of converting incident light directly into electrical (direct current)
Biomass (Types)
Solid biomass - wood, brush, peat, crop residue, charcoal, dung
Bio gasoline - pure ethanol, up to E85 in flex-fuel vehicles, if 100 % bendable called (renewable gasoline)
Biodiesel - pure biodiesel, now are 100 % blindable biodiesel such as hydrogenation derived renewables diesel
Biogas- called biomethane or renewable natural gas.
Biogas (Definition)
Produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is mostly comprised of methane and C02
