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Foundations In Human Nutrition > Energy Intake and Balance > Flashcards

Energy Intake and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutritional balance?

A

When intake = losses

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2
Q

What is positive balance?

A

When intake is greater when losses

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3
Q

What is negative balance?

A

When losses are greater than intake

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4
Q

Give 5 examples of Non-degradable nutrients

A

Nitrogen
Iron
Energy
Calcium
Sodium

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5
Q

Give 5 examples of Degradable nutrients

A

Protein
Fat
Carbohydrates
Fibre
Vitamins

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6
Q

What is 1 kilocalorie (kcal) the same as in kilojules (kj)

A

4.184

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7
Q

What are the Atwater factors for carbohydrate, protein, alcohol and fat? Give units

A

Available Carbohydrate = 3.8 kcal/g
Fibre = 1.9 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g
Alcohol = 7kcal/g
Fats = 9kcal/g

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8
Q

True or False, do all foods we eat become absorbed?

A

False

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9
Q

Why is Energy so importnat?

A

Energy is required for anything to happen in the universe

Energy is essential for all life processes

Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred between different energy stores

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10
Q

Name 5 types of energy

A

Heat

Light

Chemical

Kinetic

Electrical

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11
Q

What are the units for energy?

A

Joules (J) and Calories/ Kilocalories cal/Kcl

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12
Q

What is 1 calorie equivalent to in kj?

A

1 kcl = 4.184 kJ

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13
Q

What is 1 megajoule (MJ) equivalate to in joules (J)

A

1 megajoule (MJ) = 1,000,000 joules (J)

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14
Q

Total energy from different macronutrients the same, but why may this not be the case?

A

Metabolism within the human body is different

Energy concentration is different (i.e. volume)

Nutrient value is different

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15
Q

How is a bomb calorimeter used with food samples, what is its accuracy?

A

Models use for food and environmental samples

Samples homogenised and dried

Accuracy +- 1%

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16
Q

How do we you calculate digestible energy?

A

Digestible energy (DE) = Gross Energy (GE) - Faecal energy

17
Q

Is all digested energy metabolised?

A

Yes - fats, carbohydrates and alcohols

No - Proteins

18
Q

How is metabolised energy calculated?

A

Metabolised Energy = Digestible energy of fat - Digestible energy of carbohydrates + 90.75 X digestible energy of protein)

ME = DE fat - DE Carb + (0.75 x DE protein)

19
Q

What percent approximately is metabolised energy (ME) equal to Gross energy (GE)?

A

84%

20
Q

Why does the percent metabolised energy = gross energy of 84% vary?

A

Variations due to macronutrient content

Metabolised energy is what body uses

Atwater figures provide metabolised energy

Food tables provide metabolised energy

21
Q

How is net metabolised energy calculated?

A

Net metabolised energy = metabolised energy - difference in heat energy

NME = ME - ΔHE

22
Q

What is ΔHE?

A

ΔHE is the difference in heat energy expenditure when subjects replace available carbohydrates with another substances which leads to revised atwater factors

23
Q

How is respiratory quotient calcualted?

A

RQ = CO2 / O2

24
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A diet that provides neither too much or too little of the nutrients and other components of food that are required for normal functioning of the body

A balance between supply and demand

A diet that provided a varied nature in proportions such that foods rich in some nutrients do not limit intakes of food rich in others

25
Q

What are examples of supplies our bodies have to meet demands, where do they come from?

A

Food

Drink

Air - Lungs

26
Q

What are examples of demands of the body?

A

Breathing

Movement

Sleep

Minerals

Vitamins

27
Q

What are examples of outputs of our bodies?

A

Faecal losses - Gut

Urine - Bladder

Other body fluids (sweat) - skin

Air - Lungs

28
Q

What terms are used instead of input and output?

A

Intake and Losses

29
Q

What 3 things does the concept of balance dependent on?

A

Nutrients

Time

Health

30
Q

How log does it take to measure nutritional balance?

A

Depends on what nutrient you are considering

Examples:

Sodium intake = 24 hours

Vitamin D = A few months

31
Q

Will the nutritional balance be for the following people be positive, negative, balance or more than one?

3- month old baby
School children
Athlete in training
Pregnant woman
Woman breast-feeding
Obese adult
Elderly person

A

3- month old baby = Positive

School children = Positive

Athlete in training = Positive

Pregnant woman = Positive/Balance

Woman breast-feeding = Positive/Balance

Obese adult = Negative

Elderly person = Balance/ Positive

Foundations In Human Nutrition (17 decks)

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