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Climate Change - Atmosphere > Energy- Budget > Flashcards

Energy- Budget Flashcards

1
Q

What does the energy budget encompass?

A

All energy entering and all leaving in the form of radiation

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2
Q

What determines energy input/output?

A

Incoming shortwave solar radiation against outgoing radiation composed of reflected solar radiation and outgoing themal radiation.

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3
Q

What causes variability in Energy Budget balance?

A

Anthropogenic forcing altering internal climate variability.

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4
Q

Sensible Heat

A

Shifting of temperature without phase change.

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5
Q

Latent Heat

A

The heat that has to be given to a unit mass of a material to convert it from solid to liquid without change in temperature.

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6
Q

Ground Heat Flux

A

Loss of energy by heat conduction through lower boundary.

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7
Q

What is heat conduction?

A

Heat transfer through physical contact.

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8
Q

Examples of heat conduction?

A

Sunlight heats ground and heating of ait by conduction

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9
Q

What is heat conduction also known as?

A

Fouriers law.

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10
Q

What is an example of Fouriers law?

A

Hot drink heat conduction through wall of mug.

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11
Q

What is an example of an object that modulates energy flux?

A

Clouds

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12
Q

What are aerosl cloud interactions?

A

Where aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei

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13
Q

Cloud Condensation Nuclei

A

Particles smaller than cloud droplets of which water vapour condenses.

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14
Q

What does water vapor required for gas-liquid condensation?

A

A surface for transition.

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15
Q

Why does water vapour need a surface for cloud formation?

A

Small spherical water vapour droplets evaporate quicker, because of curvature effect,

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16
Q

Curvature Effect

A

The greater the curvature, the greater the chance that the surface water molecules can escape.

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17
Q

Why do larger droplets evaporate less?

A

Large volme to surface air ratio?

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18
Q

Without CCN what temperature does water vapor supercooling occur?

A

-13 degrees before droplet formation.

19
Q

Marine Cloud Brighteneing

A

A technique used to promote cloud brightening to reflect more incoming sunlight.

20
Q

Cloud Chambers

A

A particle detector used for visualizing ionizing radiation passage.

21
Q

How much less solar radiation is reflected without clouds?

A

47 W m^2

22
Q

Why is TOA energy budget more easily measured?

A

Direct sattelite measuring.

23
Q

What is TOA atmosphere tracked by?

A

CERES sattelite

24
Q

What is the main influence of TOA atmosphere?

A

EN/LN oscillations

25
Q

El Nino Southern Oscilliations

A

Ocean surface warming part of a recurring climate pattern in central/eastern pacific ocean.

26
Q

Global Energy Inventory

A

The energy gain of the climate system associated with global ocean heat uptake, atmospheric warming, land warming and ice melting.

27
Q

What is the main inducer of inventory changes?

A

Ocean heat content

28
Q

Why is GSAT an unreliable measurement for interannual-to-decadal time scales?

A

Influence by unforced variations like ENSO

29
Q

What measurements are preffered over GSAT?

A

Earth energy balance.

30
Q

What is inventory change subject to?

A

Earth Energy Imbalance

31
Q

Earth Energy Imbalance

A

The principle of understanding heat distribution to oceans and lands etc, by how much increased solar radiation affects climate

32
Q

How is the heat inventory dispersed across oceans?

A

89% in the oceans, 52% in upper 700, 28% for 700-2000 and 9% below 2000

33
Q

How is heat inventory dispersed across terrestial lands?

A

6% by land, 4% for melting of ice, 1% for atmospheric warming.

34
Q

What is EEI referred to when it is zero?

A

Quasi-equilibrium of the Earth System

35
Q

Quasistatic Process

A

A thermodynamic process happening slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical, but not necessarily chemical equilibrium.

36
Q

To reduce EEI, how much CO2 ppm would have to be reduced?

A

From 410 to 353 to increase heat radiation by 9.87 W

37
Q

How much money to reduce PPM by 50?

A

20 trillion dollars.

38
Q

Why is EEI metric important?

A

Determines how well we are controlling climate

39
Q

What was EEI during 2010-2018

A

9.87+-.12 Wm^-2

40
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

Rise of sea level due to increased temperature, about 1 third of sea level rising.

41
Q

How is sea-level measured?

A

Argo float deployments.

42
Q

Why is atmopsheric heat content considered?

A

Where humans live, changes thus effect society.

43
Q

Effective Radiative Forcing

A

Measures energy imbalance after allowing atmospheric temperatures, water vapour and clouds to adjust to forcing agents whilst keeping surface temperatures unchanged.

44
Q

What does ERF quanitfy?

A

Energy lost by Earth when perturbed by GHG, isolate seperate GHG effects from one another.

Climate Change - Atmosphere (17 decks)

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