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Climate Change - Atmosphere > Chemistry - Atmospheric Elements > Flashcards

Chemistry - Atmospheric Elements Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of carbon?

A

It has four valence electrons thus forming one to four bonds with other atoms

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2
Q

Alkanes

A

Compounds of entirely carbon/hydrogen atoms bonded by single bonds.

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3
Q

What is the chemical formula for an Alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane and n-butane

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5
Q

How are alkanes named with side groups?

A

First by the longest continous chain of carbon as the base, with respective chains numbered.

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6
Q

What is an example of alkane nomenclature?

A

2,4-Dimethylhexane or 2-Bromo-3-Chloropentane

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7
Q

How do alkyl radicals form?

A

From alkanes when a H atom is replaced, remaining with an unpaired electron.

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8
Q

What is an example of an alkyl radical?

A

Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl

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9
Q

Why are alkyls important in the atmosphere?

A

The unpaired electrons make them very reactive.

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10
Q

Alkenes

A

Carbon containing compounds that have a double bond between carbons

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11
Q

Examples of alkenes?

A

Ethene, propene, 1-butene

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12
Q

What does the 1 in 1-butene refer to?

A

The carbon the double bond extends from, from the point closest to the end of the molecule with the double bond

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13
Q

Alkadienes

A

Compounds containing two-double bond like 1,3 Butadiene

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14
Q

Alkynes

A

Hydrocarbons with a single TRIPLE bond

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15
Q

Aromatics

A

Unsaturated chemical compounds with one or more planar rings of atoms joined by covalent bonds of different kinds.

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16
Q

Carbonyl

A

A functional group of a carbon bound to a hydrogen, double bonded oxygen and an R group.

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17
Q

What are the two types of carbonyl?

A

Ketone and Aldehyde

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18
Q

Aldehyde

A

This is a carbon with an R group, hydrogen atom and a double bonded oxygen.

19
Q

Ketone

A

These are a carbon with one double-bonded oxygen and two R groups.

20
Q

What is the main reaction carbonyls go?

A

Nucleophilic attacks

21
Q

Nucleophilic Attack

A

This is where an electron rich species called a nucleophile, attacks an electron deficient species called an electrophile.

22
Q

What do carbonyl nucleophilic attacks form?

A

Hydroxyl groups.

23
Q

When do NA occur?

A

Another groups binds carbon, causing withdrawal of one of the electron pairs of the oxygen double bond, making it anioninc

24
Q

Why are aledhydes more reactive?

A

Steric effects and Electronic effects.

25
Q

Steric Effects

A

These are influences on a reaction course of a molecules due to occupying of space by atoms that disfavour/favour collision paths.

26
Q

How do aldehydes/ketone steric effects differ?

A

Aldehydes exerpeinces less steric hinderance as hydrogen is smaller

27
Q

How do aldehydes/ketone electrical effects differ?

A

Aldehydes have one less R group supplying partially postiive charge to the carbon with electrons, making the ketone carbon a weaker nucleus with less charge.

28
Q

What are the sources of metahne?

A

Wetlands,, termites, oceans, ruminants, landfills, energy and rice.

29
Q

What are methane sinks?

A

Soils and tropospheric OH, broken down by oxidation by hydroxyl radicals.

30
Q

How does methane slow down its own decomposition?

A

Removal of hydroxyl, as well as hydroxyl removal by carbon monoxide removing hydroxyl from wildfires

31
Q

Biogenic

A

Non-methane hydrocarbons of natural production like isoprene, producing ozone by photo-oxidation.

32
Q

Why are biogenic hydrocarbons highly reactive?

A

Containing of olfinic double bonds thus shorter lifetimes.

33
Q

What is isoprene released by?

A

Photosynthetic radiation

34
Q

Nitrous Oxide(N2O)

A

A colurless compounds emitted by soil bacteria.

35
Q

Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2)

A

Formed by high combustion by reaction of nitrogen in fuel and oxygen in the air.

36
Q

Where is nitrogen utilised?

A

Nitrogen fixation

37
Q

What are the two ways nitrogen is fixated?

A

Microorganisms conversion of N2 to ammonia/ammonium
Atmospheric conversion of N2 by cosmic radiation or lightning forming nitrogen oxide.

38
Q

What are the two processes of the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrification and Denitrification

39
Q

Nitrification

A

Conversion of ammonia to NO2 and NO3 with N2O and NO byproducts

40
Q

Denitrificaiton

A

Conversion of soil nitrate to nitrogen gases like N2O and N2.

41
Q

What is denitrifciation performed by?

A

Bacteria using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic conditions

42
Q

How much more powerful as a GHG is N2O?

A

300 TIMES

43
Q

What are the antrhopogenic sources of N2O?

A

Biomass burning, agriculture and degassing of irrigation water.

44
Q

What are the N2O sinks?

A

Stratospheric disassociation(90%) and reaction with oxygen.

Climate Change - Atmosphere (17 decks)

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