Atmosphere - Gravitational Effects Flashcards

1
Q

General Relativity

A

This says that large objects curve the fabric of spacetime around it, warping the geometry of the universe.

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2
Q

What is curvature related to?

A

Mass and Energy content, whilst gravitational field to spacetime curvature.

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3
Q

Equivalence Principle

A

This says that inertial mass(acceleration) and gravitational mass are equivalent, where laws of gravitation are independent of velocity and location.

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4
Q

Time Dilation

A

This is where time apparently slows down to an observer who is moving relative to another observer.

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5
Q

What is the basis of time dilation?

A

This says that time and space are a single entity called spacetime.

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6
Q

What does GR suggest?

A

Time is slower in regions of stronger gravitational fields like black holes.

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7
Q

How is slower times in gravitational fields explained?

A

Light follows a curved path, passing more slowly as energy required to escape these fields is higher.

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8
Q

Analogise Time Dilation…

A

If two observers, A and B, moving relative to each other observed clocks each other held, from eithers perspective the others clock is ticking slower than their own.

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9
Q

Length Contraction

A

Describes how the length of a moving object is measured to be shorter than its proper length

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10
Q

Why is light constant?

A

Light in an EM wave of oscillating electric and mangetic fields.

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11
Q

Why does time dilation fundamentally occur?

A

Speed of light is constant and affected by spacetime geometry.

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12
Q

Why does light emitted from A take longer to reach B?

A

Due to the geometry of spacetime, so B percieves events occuring more slowly in A’s time of refernece.

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13
Q

How do gravitational fields interact with particles?

A

Changing of frequency.

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14
Q

Why does gravity change with latitude?

A

The Earth is an oblate spherioid being flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator due to rotation.

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15
Q

Why does the equator bulge?

A

The centrifugal force is stronger at the equator with faster linear veloecity.

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16
Q

Centrifugal Force

A

This is a fictious force being motion away from a point.

17
Q

Hydrostatic Equilibirum

A

This describes a state of balance between gravitational force and pressure gradients resulting in no net force on a fluid.

18
Q

What is pressure determined by?

A

Weight of fluid above that point, determined by gravitational acceleration and fluid density.

19
Q

What does PGF derive from?

A

The fact pressure is determined by overlying air, where pressure decreases with alitutde as there is less air above.

20
Q

Where is the PGF important?

A

Lapse rate of the atmosphere.

21
Q

How do pressure systems depend on region found in?

A

HPS PGF directed outwards, CW in NH and CCW in SH, whilst LPS directed inwards, being opposite.

22
Q

How do HPS form?

A

Subsidence, like the subtropic ridge.