Energy Balance and Weight Management Flashcards
In 2004 it was recorded that ____% of people are overweight or obese
In 2004 it was recorded that 60% of people are overweight
Energy balance is?
when energy intake = energy expenditure
energy is measured in?
kilocalories or kilojoules
- Ebal or weight loss = ?
Eout > Ein
+ Ebal or weight gain = ?
Eout
Energy yielding nutrients in food?
CHO, PRO, FAT, EtOH
Energy Out can occur by?
basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity
You can calculate Ein by ?
direct (bomb calorimeter) and indirect (food composition)
What is TEE?
Total energy expenditure - sum of the energy
What is BEE?
Basal energy expenditure - energy expended to maintain an awake resting body, that is not digesting food
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic rate- rate of energy expenditure under resting conditions
What is REE?
Resting energy expenditure - estimate of basal metabolism is determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6 hours without food or exercise
What is Lean body mass?
body mass attributed to nonfat body components, such as bone, muscle and internal organs
Energy out percentages?
BMR: 60-75%, TEF: ~10%, Activity: 15-30%
What are the direct and indirect ways to measure Eout?
direct: calorimeter, indirect: metabolic cart, accelerometer, doubly-layered water
What is accelerometry?
measure body acceleration in 3 planes (X,Y,Z) - algorithms used to convert movement, steps, intensity and time to energy expenditure (kcals)
What is doubly-labelled water?
stable isotops for O and H, measure rate of disappearance of late; measure CO2 and H2) produced from metabolism in expired gas and fluids
BMR is affected by?
LBM, age, weight/height, hormones
What happens in thermic effect of food?
Energy needed to digest, absorb, metabolize and store nutrients from food
Larger meals = ____ TEF
larger meals = increased TEF
Hierarchy of nutrient use for energy?
PRO, CHO, FAT
Metabolically simpler to convert dietary ____ to ___ for storage than ___ or ___ to ___
Metabolically simpler to convert dietary TGs to FFAs for storage than glucose or AA to TGs
What does NEAT stand for?
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
What is Physical Activity value?
numeric value associated with PA level that is variable in the EER equations used to calculate energy needs
Define Healthy body weight.
weight at which the risk of illness and death are the lowest
Define BMI
most common measure to assess healthy body weight
Apple shape?
andriod
Pear shape?
gynoid
Limitations of BMI
Cannot distinguish different body compositions
____ fat is less risky than ____ fat
subcutaneous fat is less risk than visceral fat
Increased ____ is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and diabetes
Increased weight composition is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and diabetes
____ more strongly associated with heart disease than ____
WHR more strongly associated with heart disease than BMI
Methods of Assessing Body Composition
Bioelectric impedance analysis, skin fold thickness, plethysmography, radiologic methods
what are good conductors and good insulators in the body for BIA?
muscle and adipose
BIA can be affected by?
fluid balance, dehydration underestimates, exercise overestimates, fat and non-fat
Skin fold thickness is?
sum of skin folds at various sites = fat mass
Skin fold thickness is less accurate in ?
overweight/obese and elderly
Theory behind underwater weighing/densitometry?
a person’s density is proportional to (fat free) lean mass
Density =?
density = mass/volume
DXA theory?
attenuation of two low energy x-rays is proportional to density of tissue
What is set-point theory?
adult bodyweight is genetically determined
Short term regulation of energy balance?
regulating food intake from meal to meal
long term regulation of energy balance?
regulating amount of body fat over time
Leptin is secreted from?
adipose tissue
ghrelin is ?
appetite promoting hormone
Obesity causes?
75% genetics, 25% environmental
When would weight loss drugs and surgery be used?
for individuals with a BMI >40 or >35+ comorbidities
What is fenfluramine and phentermine linked too?
heart-valve damage and pulmonary hypertension
Sibutramine is associated with ?
increased risk of CVD
Fen-Phan and sibutramine do what?
suppress appeitiee
Oslistat( (xenical) does what?
disables the enzyme lipase preventing TGs from being broken down into MGs and FFAs
Olestra/Olean is what?
a fat substitute
How is olestra/olean made?
synthesized using a sucrose molecule with FAs
Negative effects of olestra/olean
upset GI tract and diarrhea
