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Nutrition > Energy Balance and Weight Management > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

In 2004 it was recorded that ____% of people are overweight or obese

A

In 2004 it was recorded that 60% of people are overweight

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2
Q

Energy balance is?

A

when energy intake = energy expenditure

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3
Q

energy is measured in?

A

kilocalories or kilojoules

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4
Q
  • Ebal or weight loss = ?
A

Eout > Ein

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5
Q

+ Ebal or weight gain = ?

A

Eout

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6
Q

Energy yielding nutrients in food?

A

CHO, PRO, FAT, EtOH

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7
Q

Energy Out can occur by?

A

basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity

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8
Q

You can calculate Ein by ?

A

direct (bomb calorimeter) and indirect (food composition)

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9
Q

What is TEE?

A

Total energy expenditure - sum of the energy

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10
Q

What is BEE?

A

Basal energy expenditure - energy expended to maintain an awake resting body, that is not digesting food

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11
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal Metabolic rate- rate of energy expenditure under resting conditions

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12
Q

What is REE?

A

Resting energy expenditure - estimate of basal metabolism is determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6 hours without food or exercise

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13
Q

What is Lean body mass?

A

body mass attributed to nonfat body components, such as bone, muscle and internal organs

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14
Q

Energy out percentages?

A

BMR: 60-75%, TEF: ~10%, Activity: 15-30%

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15
Q

What are the direct and indirect ways to measure Eout?

A

direct: calorimeter, indirect: metabolic cart, accelerometer, doubly-layered water

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16
Q

What is accelerometry?

A

measure body acceleration in 3 planes (X,Y,Z) - algorithms used to convert movement, steps, intensity and time to energy expenditure (kcals)

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17
Q

What is doubly-labelled water?

A

stable isotops for O and H, measure rate of disappearance of late; measure CO2 and H2) produced from metabolism in expired gas and fluids

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18
Q

BMR is affected by?

A

LBM, age, weight/height, hormones

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19
Q

What happens in thermic effect of food?

A

Energy needed to digest, absorb, metabolize and store nutrients from food

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20
Q

Larger meals = ____ TEF

A

larger meals = increased TEF

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21
Q

Hierarchy of nutrient use for energy?

A

PRO, CHO, FAT

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22
Q

Metabolically simpler to convert dietary ____ to ___ for storage than ___ or ___ to ___

A

Metabolically simpler to convert dietary TGs to FFAs for storage than glucose or AA to TGs

23
Q

What does NEAT stand for?

A

non-exercise activity thermogenesis

24
Q

What is Physical Activity value?

A

numeric value associated with PA level that is variable in the EER equations used to calculate energy needs

25
Q

Define Healthy body weight.

A

weight at which the risk of illness and death are the lowest

26
Q

Define BMI

A

most common measure to assess healthy body weight

27
Q

Apple shape?

A

andriod

28
Q

Pear shape?

A

gynoid

29
Q

Limitations of BMI

A

Cannot distinguish different body compositions

30
Q

____ fat is less risky than ____ fat

A

subcutaneous fat is less risk than visceral fat

31
Q

Increased ____ is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and diabetes

A

Increased weight composition is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and diabetes

32
Q

____ more strongly associated with heart disease than ____

A

WHR more strongly associated with heart disease than BMI

33
Q

Methods of Assessing Body Composition

A

Bioelectric impedance analysis, skin fold thickness, plethysmography, radiologic methods

34
Q

what are good conductors and good insulators in the body for BIA?

A

muscle and adipose

35
Q

BIA can be affected by?

A

fluid balance, dehydration underestimates, exercise overestimates, fat and non-fat

36
Q

Skin fold thickness is?

A

sum of skin folds at various sites = fat mass

37
Q

Skin fold thickness is less accurate in ?

A

overweight/obese and elderly

38
Q

Theory behind underwater weighing/densitometry?

A

a person’s density is proportional to (fat free) lean mass

39
Q

Density =?

A

density = mass/volume

40
Q

DXA theory?

A

attenuation of two low energy x-rays is proportional to density of tissue

41
Q

What is set-point theory?

A

adult bodyweight is genetically determined

42
Q

Short term regulation of energy balance?

A

regulating food intake from meal to meal

43
Q

long term regulation of energy balance?

A

regulating amount of body fat over time

44
Q

Leptin is secreted from?

A

adipose tissue

45
Q

ghrelin is ?

A

appetite promoting hormone

46
Q

Obesity causes?

A

75% genetics, 25% environmental

47
Q

When would weight loss drugs and surgery be used?

A

for individuals with a BMI >40 or >35+ comorbidities

48
Q

What is fenfluramine and phentermine linked too?

A

heart-valve damage and pulmonary hypertension

49
Q

Sibutramine is associated with ?

A

increased risk of CVD

50
Q

Fen-Phan and sibutramine do what?

A

suppress appeitiee

51
Q

Oslistat( (xenical) does what?

A

disables the enzyme lipase preventing TGs from being broken down into MGs and FFAs

52
Q

Olestra/Olean is what?

A

a fat substitute

53
Q

How is olestra/olean made?

A

synthesized using a sucrose molecule with FAs

54
Q

Negative effects of olestra/olean

A

upset GI tract and diarrhea

Nutrition (8 decks)

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