energy and cellular metabolism

Question 1

phototrophs

Answer 1

energy from sunlight

Question 2

autotrophs

Answer 2

energy from own source

Question 3

chemotrophs

Answer 3

energy from chemical reactions

Question 4

heterotrophs

Answer 4

energy from different sources

Question 5

polysaccharide» oligosaccharide

Answer 5

salivary amylase

Question 6

oligosaccharides» disaccharides

Answer 6

pancreatic amylase

Question 7

disaccharides» monosaccharides

Answer 7

intestinal disaccharidases

Question 8

metabolism

Answer 8

biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living cells and organisms

Question 9

catabolic pathways
types?

Answer 9

reactions which break down
degradative
energy producing
oxidative

Question 10

anabolic pathways
types?

Answer 10

reactions which build up
biosynthetic
energy consuming
reductive

Question 11

change in gibbs free energy

Answer 11

change in enthalpy - Temp* change in entropy

Question 12

+ change in G

Answer 12

temp ^
^ [S]

Question 13

GTP role

Answer 13

protein metabolism

Question 14

CTP role

Answer 14

lipid biosynthesis

Question 15

UTP role

Answer 15

carbohydrate metabolism

Question 16

metabolism stages

Answer 16

1. breakdown of complex molecules into simple units
2. conversion of simple units into acetyl coA
3. ATP production from oxidation of acetyl CoA

Question 17

3 major pathways in glucose oxidation

Answer 17

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

Question 18

glycolysis

Answer 18

use of carbs as fuel
glucose> pyruvate
embden-mayerhof-parnas pathway

Question 19

3 stages of glycolysis

Answer 19

investment/priming (glucose > F1, 6-GP)
splitting (»G3P)
energy conservation/ yield (G3P> Pyruvate)

Question 20

glucose > glucose6phosphate

Answer 20

hexokinase catalysis

Question 21

glucokinase location

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

G6P&raquo_space; F6P

Answer 22

conversion of aldopyranose > ketofuranose

Question 23

glycolysis overall energy gain

Answer 23

2ATP net gain for every glucose
2 ATP used in investment and 4 generated in yield

Question 24

reasons for tight regulation of metabolic pathways

Answer 24

link supply w demand
to allow response to environmental changes
maintain constant internal environment
to enable different tissues to interact

Question 25

glycolysis control

Answer 25

rate-limiting enzymes enzymes at start of pathway enzymes at branch in pathway (amount/activity of enzyme) controlling accessibility of enzyme to substrate

Question 26

how to control activity of enzyme

Answer 26

conformational change covalent modification

Question 27

ways to control accessibility of enzyme to substrate

Answer 27

compartmentalisation of enzymes/ substrate