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Biochemistry semester 1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

carbohydrates roles

A

energy storage/ transport (metabolic energy)
cell-cell communication/ adhesion
host-pathogen/symbiont interactions
structural components
DNA/RNA components

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2
Q

carbohydrates elemental composition

A

C,H,O,S/N
2+ hydroxyl groups

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3
Q

2 simplest carbs

A

glyceraldehyde
dihydroxyacetone

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4
Q

aldose number of asymmetric carbons

A

aldoses have 1 more asymmetric carbons than ketoses

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5
Q

chiral centre

A

4 different groups
different 3D conformation

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6
Q

C1

A

aldehyde carbon

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7
Q

C2

A

carbonyl group in ketoses

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8
Q

aldehyde + alcohol

A

hemiacetal

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9
Q

pyranose

A

6C ring due to similarity to pyran

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10
Q

why do aldose sugar rings form

A

alcohol is part of same molecule as aldehyde/ ketone

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11
Q

aldose sugar rings in solution

A

dominate as more energetically favorable than open-chain form

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12
Q

ketone + alcohol

A

hemiketal

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13
Q

non-planar chair configurations

A

axial (opposite directions on adjacent carbons)
equatorial (less crowded)

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14
Q

anomers

A

sugar isomers with 2 anomeric carbons

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15
Q

additional chiral crabon for ring-formation aldoses

A

C1

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16
Q

alpha anomer

A

C1/C5 have same stereochemistry

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17
Q

beta anomer

A

C1/C5 have different stereochemistry

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18
Q

anomeric C in ketones

A

C2

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19
Q

glucose assymetric carbons and variations

A

2 stereoisomers D/lL
4 asymmetric carbons

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20
Q

what form is glucose most commonly found in?

A

D form

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21
Q

dextrorotatory

A

rotate plane of polarised light to the right

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22
Q

laevorotatory

A

rotate plane of polarised light to left

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23
Q

epimers

A

when only asymmetric C2,3 or 4 are in a different configuration to glucose

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24
Q

cylization of open-chain form of glucose

A

C5 hydroxyl group attacks oxygen atom of C1 aldehyde group to form intramolecular hemiacetal
2 anomers alpha/ beta

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25
ketohexose cyclization
C2 keto group reacts w C6/5 hydroxyl group to form intramolecular hemiketal
26
glycosidic bond
bond formation between hemiacetal group of sugar and oxygen of hydroxyl group via loss of water in condensation reaction 1-4, glycosidic linkage
27
N/ S glycoside formation
sugars can join w other hydroxyl containing molecules (O-glycosides)/ -NHR/-SH
28
Alpha glycosidic bond
bond on C1 opposite configuration to C5 same sugar C1 axial in D sugar
29
maltose
2* alpha glucopyranose starch digestion product
30
beta glycosidic bond
bond on C1 in same configuration to C5 of same sugar equatorial in D sugar
31
lactose
galactopyranosyl/ glucopyranose milk sugar lactase enzyme breakdown
32
sucrose
alpha glucopyranosyl/ Beta fructofranose transport form of carbs in plants sucrase breakdown
33
reducing end
terminal sugar in which C1 is unattached/ aldehyde can form
34
non-reducing sugar
terminal sugar in which C1 is involved in glycosidic bond
35
reducing sugar
any sugar capable of acting as reducing agent due to free eldehyde or ketone group
36
alpha glucans
a 1,4 linkage kinked, causing polysaccharide twisting into helical structure therefore more compact, storage molecule, degraded quickly when needed
37
glycogen/ starch
polysaccharides of D-glucose linked by alpha 1,4- glycosidic and a 1,6 branching
38
cellulose
beta 1,4 linked glucose planar chains cross-linked by H bonds crystalline microfibrils
39
cellulosic biofuels
hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose via enzymes converting glucose to ethanol in microbial fermentation
40
cellulosic biofuel pros
no net CO2 release use of agricultural waste high availability
41
cellulosic biofuel cons
recalcitrant to enzyme digestion due to structure expensive/ inefficient
42
gram neg bacteria peptidoglycan
1/ 2 layers e.g. E coli
43
gram pos bacteria peptidoglycan
40+ layers e.g. staph. aureus
44
tetrapeptide
4 amino acids joined by peptide bonds cross-linked by short peptides
45
membrane-associated transpeptidases
produce links e.g. e.coli (direct link) s. aureus (pentapeptide bridge) < pentaglycine bridge
46
penicillin mechanism of cross-links
inhibtion of cross-linkage transpeptidase via substrate mimicking> slotting into transpeptidase substrate
47
lysozyme mechanism
targets cell wall sugar backbone
48
glycoconjugates
carbohydrates covalently linked to other molecules (e.g. proteins/lipids)
49
glycoproteins
eukaryotic proteins with carbohydrates attached
50
N-linked
joined to amide of asparigines (N) usually on secreted proteins# complex oligosaccharide structures
51
N-glycosylation functions
protein folding stability cell recognition
52
O-linked
joined to hydroxyl of serine/threonine commonly N acetyl glucosamine cytoplasmic phosphorylation reciprocal
53
mucins
O-linked glycoproteins mucus component cover epithelial surface for lubrication/ protection
54
proteoglycans
proteins attached mostly by O-linkage to polysaccharides (GAGs)
55
proteoglycans functions
joint lubricant ECM structure ECM adhesion mediation bind cell proliferation factors
56
GAG
glucosaminoglycan disaccharide repeats of amino sugar and uronic acid sugars sulfated bind much water to form hydrated gel
57
complex carb synthesis
glycosyltransferases catalyze glycosidic bond formation and trasnfer activated sugar nucleotides to molecule
58
blood group A
produce GTA that put GalNAc on
59
blood group B
produce GTB that put a Gal on
60
blood group O
GT's non-functional
61
Blood group AB
produce both GTA/GTB
62
Sars-Cov-2 viral infection
surface spike proteins bind to human ACE2 receptors on host cell surface antibodies bind to spike proteins, blocking interaction between virus and ACE2 Glycans on spike limit/ reduce atibody-binding
63
spike proteins
heavily glycosylated involve different kinds of N-glycans RBD'S
64
RBD
receptor binding domains up/ down state needs to be up to bind to ACE2
65
N-glycan types
high mannose complex hybrid specific N-glycans stabilise RBD up state

Biochemistry semester 1 (7 decks)

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