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Gastrointestinal > Endoscope and The GI Tract > Flashcards

Endoscope and The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the uses of endoscopes?

A

Diagnosis
Therapeutics - emergency and elective
Screening
Surveillance

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2
Q

What are the parts of a basic endoscope?

A

Screen, light source, air/ water, control head, flexible tip

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3
Q

What are the specialized types of endoscope?

A 
Gastroscope
Colonoscope
Side viewing scope (ERCP)
enteroscope (in btw SI)
Capsule
Endoscopic ultrasound
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4
Q

What are the uses+problems with capsules?

A

Smooth plastic covering, battery, light and can move through the small intestine and give a very good look.
Bad as the battery could break down and cause ulcers

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5
Q

Uses of EUS scopes

A

Needle comes out at the side. Press it on the gut wall. Used in oesophageal cancer

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6
Q

What are the techniques used in Endoscopy?

A

Endoscope controls in the left hand, tip held in the right hand.

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7
Q

What does it help to visually diagnose?

A 
Oesophagitis
Gastritis
Ulceration
Coeliac disease
Crohn's disease
Ulcertive coelitis
Sclerosing
Cholangitis
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8
Q

What are the common vascular abnormalities?

A

Varices
Ectatic blood vessels (extra vessels)
Angiodysplasia

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9
Q

Miscellanous cond. associated with tumours

A

Tearing of the skin of lower esophagus - Mallory-weiss tears
Diverticulate
Foreign bodies (bezoars, food bolus, razor blades)
Stones
Worms

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10
Q

What are the pros of Early diagnosis of tumours?

A

Pre- malignant conditions
Easily remove them
Easy to follow up
Screening (less known for barrets oesophagus)

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11
Q

Barrets cancer

A

Oesophageal mucosa turns to gastric mucosa after years of acid reflux

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12
Q

Old imaging techniques

A

Used ipdine as a dye, good staining but very sore. Hence not preferred.

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13
Q

INewer imaging techniques

A

Blue light reflects of the surface, green light reflects further down

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14
Q

Microscopic diagnosis

A

Biopsy and histology
Brushing and cytology
Aspirates and biopsy

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15
Q

How is biopsy done?

A

Biopsy forceps come from colonoscope and pinch out a lesion

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16
Q

Therapeutics in endocope

A

Ability to treat down endoscope- GI bleeding, nerve blocks, resection of early cancer

17
Q

Bleeding in GI include what?

A

Variceal bl.
Arterial bl.
Angiodysplasia

18
Q

Important clinical observations include what?

A

Haematemesis 500 ml of bleeding

Malena - more than 50p ml of bleeding in the gut

19
Q

Treatment of variceal bleeding

A 
Life threatening emergency
ABC resuscitation
Injection sclerotherapy
Banding (suck up the layer of BV, put the band around and seal it)
Histocryl glue 
Sclerosant - fibrin used
20
Q

Treatment of arterial bleeding

A 
Injection therapy (adrenaline: tamponade, vasoconstriction)
Heater probe (coagulation)
Clips (ligate)
21
Q

Treatment of angiodysplasia (small BV)

A

Argon plasma coagulation

Radiofrequency ablation (for teeny tiny ones all over the place)

22
Q

How to remove tumours?

A

Polypectomy

Endoscopic mucosal removal/ resection

23
Q

What is the endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)?

A

Put band around, cut and take it out

24
Q

Special endoscopic submucosal siddection in Japan. What is it?

A

.

25
Q

What are the intraluminal objects removed?

A

Foreign bodies

Stones

26
Q

How to remove stones?

A

Sphincteroctomy
Ballon and trawl
Lithotripsy

27
Q

How to remove foreign bodies?

A

.

28
Q

Nutrition aids

A

PEG insertion
PEJ
Naso- jejunal tibe insertion

29
Q

What does Naso- jejunal tibe do?

A

.

30
Q

What is the imp of screening in asymptomatic indv.?

A

Prevention of colorectal cancer
Detect polyps and remove them
Early detection of cancer

31
Q

What is the imp of surveillance ( early detection of complication in indv with risk)?

A

Ulceratove colitis
Colonic polyps and colorectal cancer
Barret’s oesophagus

32
Q

Preparation before the procdure

A 
Indication
Explanation
Consent
Fasting
.
33
Q

Complications of the procedure

A

.

34
Q

How are patients selected?

A

.

Gastrointestinal (13 decks)

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