Endocrinology (Pt. 2)

Question 1

Gland

Answer 1

A group of cells that work together to produce and secrete substances such as hormones.

Question 2

Where is the adrenal gland located and what’s its consistancy?

Answer 2

Each of two adrenal glands sits on top of a kidney; divided into outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla.

Question 3

Andrenal Cortex

Answer 3

Secretes…

• Aldosterone: regulates sodium levels in the body
• Cortisol: regulates carbohydrate metabolism
• Estrogen/Testosterone: sex hormones

Question 4

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 4

Secretes epinephrine (also called adrenaline) to help body respond to emergency situations.

Question 5

What does the the combining form glyc/o usually refer to?

Answer 5

Even though this combining form means sugar it usually refers to glucose, primary sugar used by body for energy production.

Question 6

Ovaries

Answer 6

A pair of almond-shaped organs in female pelvic cavity; release ova for reproduction and female sex hormones such as estrogen to regulate menstrual cycle.

Question 7

Testes

Answer 7

Pair of oval-shaped glands located in scrotum of males; releases sperm for reproduction and male sex hormone testosterone.

Question 8

Pancreas

Answer 8

Located in the abdominal cavity along lower curvature of stomach; secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.

Question 9

Insulin

Answer 9

Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by allowing sugar to enter individual cells.

Question 10

Glucagon

Answer 10

Raises blood sugar by stimulating liver to release stored sugar back into the bloodstream.

Question 11

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 11

Four small glands located on posterior surface of thyroid glands; secretes parathyroid hormone to raise blood levels of calcium.

Question 12

Pineal Gland

Answer 12

A small pine cone-shaped gland in thalamus region of brain; secretes melatonin, which plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythms (24-hour clock).

Question 13

Pituitary Gland

Answer 13

A small marble-shaped gland that hangs down from underside of brain; often referred to as master gland because some of its hormones regulate other endocrine glands; divded into anterior lobe and posterior lobe.

Question 14

Anterior Pituitary Lobe

Answer 14

Secretes…

• Growth hormone - stimulates body to grow larger
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone - regulates activity of thyroid gland
• Adrenocorticotropin Hormone - regulates activity of adrenal cortex.
• Prolactin - stimulates milk production by breast
• Melanocyte-Stimulating Hrormone - stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone - work together to regulate activity of ovary or testes.

Question 15

Posterior Pituitary Lobe

Answer 15

Secretes…

• Antidiuretic Hormone - regulates volume of water in body
• Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labor and birth

Question 16

Thymus Gland

Answer 16

Located in the mediastinum of chest behind sternum and above heart; secretes thymosin, which is important for immune system’s development.

Question 17

Thyroid Gland

Answer 17

Located in neck; has two lobes on either side of trachea; secretes thyroxine and tiiodothyronine, which regulate body’s metabolic rate; also secretes calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels.

Question 18

Acromegaly

Answer 18

Chronic condition developing in adults with excessive growth hormone; results in elongation and enlargement of bones of head and extremities.

Question 19

Adrenal Feminization

Answer 19

Development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in a male as a result of increased estrogen secretion by adrenal cortex.

Question 20

Adrenal Virilism

Answer 20

Development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in female as result of increased androgen secretion by adrenal cortex.

Question 21

Blood Serum Test

Answer 21

Blood test to measure level of substances as hormones in bloodstream; used to study function of endocrine glands.

Question 22

Corticosteroids

Answer 22

In addition to its normal function, these hormones secreted by adrenal cortex also have strong anti-inflammatory action; can be used to treat severe chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 23

Cretinism

Answer 23

Congenital condition causing lack of thyroid hormones; results in poor physical and mental development.

Question 24

Cushing Syndrome

Answer 24

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; can be product of adrenal gland tumor; symptoms include weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis.

Question 25

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Answer 25

Condition caused by insufficient antidiuretic hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia.

Question 26

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Answer 26

Chronic disorder of sugar metabolism; symptoms include hyperglycemia and glycosuria; two different forms of diabetes mellitus; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2.

Question 27

Dwarfism

Answer 27

Being excessively short in height; can result form lack of growth hormone.

Question 28

Exophthalmos

Answer 28

Condition in which eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves disease; commonly caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 29

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

Answer 29

Blood test to measure amount of sugar in bloodstream after a 12-hour fast.

Question 30

Gigantism

Answer 30

Excessive growth of body due to hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child or teenager.

Question 31

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

Answer 31

Test for initial diagnoses of diabetes mellitus; patient is given dose of glucose; then blood samples are taken at regular intervals to determine patient’s ability to use glucose properly.

Question 32

Goiter

Answer 32

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 33

Graves Disease

Answer 33

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter.

Question 34

Hashimoto Disease

Answer 34

Chronic autoimmune from of thyroiditis, results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 35

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Answer 35

Artificial replacement of hormone in patients with hyposecretion disorders; available in pill, injection, or adhesive skin patch forms.

Question 36

Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

Answer 36

Also called type 1 diabetes mellitus; tends to develop early in life; pancreas stops producing insulin; can be autoimmune disease; patient must take insulin injections.

Question 37

Myxedema

Answer 37

Condition resulting from hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in adult; symptoms include anemia, slow speech, swollen, facial features, puffy and dry skin, drowsiness, and mental sluggishness.

Question 38

Noninsulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

Answer 38

Also called type 2 diabetes mellitus; typically develops later in life; pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin but cells fail to respond; patients can take medication to improve insulin function.

Question 39

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 39

Usually benign tumor of adrenal medulla; secretes excessive amount of epinephrine; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, hypersecretion, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea.

Question 40

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

Answer 40

Test of thyroid function that measures how much radioactively tagged iodine is removed from the bloodstream by thyroid gland.

Question 41

Tetany

Answer 41

Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia; hypoparathyroidism is one cause.

Question 42

Thyroid Function Test (TFT)

Answer 42

Blood test to measure levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream to evaluate thyroid function.

Question 43

Thyroid Scan

Answer 43

Test in which radioactive iodine is administered and localizes in the thyroid gland; gland is visualized with scanning device; able to detect thyroid gland tumors.

Question 44

Thyrotoxicosis

Answer 44

Condition resulting from extreme hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss.