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MRCOG Part 1 > Endocrinology: Pituitary Gland Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrinology: Pituitary Gland Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

How many anterior pituitary hormones are there?

A

Six

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2
Q

List the 6 anteiror pituitary hormones

A
  1. ACTH
  2. MSH
  3. GH
  4. Prolactin
  5. TSH
  6. Gonadotrophin (LH & FSH)
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3
Q

Which two anteiror pituitary hormones are corticotrophin-related peptides?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. MSH
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4
Q

Which two anterior pituitary hormones are somatomammotrophin peptides?

A
  1. GH
  2. Prolactin
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5
Q

Which two anterior pitutiary hormones are glycoproteins?

Two subunits - alpha and beta

A
  1. TSH
  2. Gonadotrophin (LH & FSH)
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6
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates FSH release?

A

GnRH

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7
Q

Which chromosome is the alpha subunit gene of FSH located on?

A

chromosome 6

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8
Q

Which chromosome is the beta subunit gene of FSH located on?

A

chromosome 11

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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of MSH?

A
  1. Stimulates maturation of germ cells
  2. In females - stimulates ovary to produce Graafian folliclel
  3. In males - induces sertoli cells to synthesise and secrete inhibin
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10
Q

Which 6 conditions lead to elevated FSH levels?

A
  1. Premature menopause
  2. Reduced ovarian reserve
  3. Gonadal dysgenesis
  4. Castration
  5. Swyer’s syndrome
  6. CAH
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11
Q

Where are FSH receptors found?

A

ONLY in granulosa cells

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12
Q

Which chromosome is the alpha subunit gene of LH located on?

A

Chromosome 6

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13
Q

Which chromosome is the beta subunit gene of LH located on?

A

chromosome 19

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14
Q

The alpha subunit of LH has 92 subunits and is identical to the alpha subunit of…

A
  1. TSH
  2. FSH
  3. hCG
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15
Q

What three things does LH do in females?

A
  1. Triggers ovulation
  2. Prevents apoptosis of corpus luteum
  3. Stimulates oestrogen and progesterone production
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16
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

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17
Q

What 4 conditions lead to low LH levels?

A
  1. Kallmann’s syndrome
  2. Hypothalamic suppression
  3. Hypopituitarism
  4. Hyperprolactinaemia
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18
Q

High levels of LH are due to…

6 conditions

A
  1. Premature menopause
  2. Gonadal dysgenesis
  3. Castration
  4. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
  5. Swyer’s syndrome
  6. CAH
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19
Q

When does ovulation occur in relation to LH surge?

Biphasic

A

Ovulation:
* 36h after LH surge
* 16-26h after peak of LH

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20
Q

What three things does LH surge cause?

A
  1. Prostaglandin production
  2. Progesterone secretion from corpus luteum
  3. Resumption of meiosis by oocyte
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21
Q

What is the half life of LH?

22
Q

When do gonadotrophins reach a peak in infancy?

A
  • 20 weeks in foetal life
  • 1-2 months in infnancy
23
Q

When do LH and testosterone increase?

A

the first 3-6 months of life

24
Q

Where are LH receptors found?

A
  1. Granulosa cells
  2. Theca cells
25
What type of hormone is prolactin? | 199 amino acids
Peptide hormone
26
Which hormones does prolactin have a similar structure to?
1. GH 2. Placental lactogen
27
Where is the gene for prolactin located?
Chromosome 6
28
Prolactin cycle is diurnal and ovulatory - what are the two functions?
1. Lactogenesis 2. Promotes breast development
29
What does prolactin decrease the serum levels of? | 2
1. Oestrogen 2. Testosterone
30
Where is prolactin produced? | Four
1. Decidua 2. Breast 3. Brain 4. Immune system
31
What are the physiological causes of hyperprolactinaemia | 6
1. Pregnancy 2. Lactation 3. Exercise 4. Stress 5. Sleep 6. Hypoglycaemia
32
What are the pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinaemia? | 6
1. TRH 2. Oestrogen 3. Dopamine antagoists 4. MAOI 5. Cimetidine 6. Verapamil
33
What are the pathological causes of hyperprolactinaemia? | 7
1. Pituitary tumour 2. Chest wall lesions 3. Spinal cord lesions 4. Hypothyroidism 5. Chronic renal failure 6. Liver failure 7. Stalk syndrome
34
What is the pharmacological cause of hypoprolactinaemia?
Dopamine agonists
35
What are the pathaological causes of hypoprolactinaemia?
1. Sheehan's syndrome 2. Hypopituitarism 3. Bulimia
36
What molecule mediates the effects of GH?
IGF
37
Where is the gene for GH located?
Chromosome 17
38
What are the functions of GH?
1. Mainly anabolic: - decrease protein catabolism - increase protein synthesis 2. Lipolysis 3. Anti-insulin actions
39
What physiological factors cause raised GH?
1. Sleep 2. Stress 3. Exercise 4. Hypoglycaemia
40
What pharmacological factors causes raised GH?
1. GHRH 2. Oestrogen 3. Adrenergic agonist 4. Dopamine agonist
41
What pathological factors caused raised GH?
1. Chronic renal failure 2. Anorexia nervosa
42
What physiological factors caused decreased GH?
1. Hyperglycaemia 2. Elevated free fatty acids
43
What pharmacological factors caused decreased GH?
1. Somatostatin 2. Progesterone 3. Glucocoritcoids
44
What pathological factors causd decreased GH?
- Obesity
45
What stimulates release of ACTH?
Released in response to CRH from hypothalamus
46
What immune cells can produce ACTH?
1. T-cell 2. B-cell 3. Macrophage
47
What is the function of ACTH?
- stimulates production of steroids from the adrenals
48
When is ACTH release highest?
1. Morning - relased in circadian rhythm
49
What is ACTH derived from?
Pre-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
50
What are the byproducts of ACTH?
1. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 2. Endorphins
51
Where is oxytocin stored? ## Footnote nanopeptide - 9 amino acids
- Posterior pituitary
52
Which smooth muscle contraction is oxytocin involved in?
1. Uterine muscle 2. Myoepithelial cells surrounding breast alveoli (letdown reflex)

MRCOG Part 1 (8 decks)

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