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MRCOG Part 1 > Endocrinology: Hypothalamic Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrinology: Hypothalamic Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the paraventricular nucleus located?

A
  1. Adjacent to the 3rd ventricle, within blood-brain barrier
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2
Q

What two types of neurones does the paraventricular nucleus have?

A
  1. Magnocellular
  2. Parvocellular
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3
Q

What two hormones do magnocellular neurones produce?

Paraventricular nucleus

A
  1. Oxytocin (and supraoptic nucleus)
  2. ADH
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4
Q

What three hormones do parvocellular neurones produce?

Paracentricular nucleus

A
  1. CRH
  2. ADH (and supraoptic nucleus)
  3. TRH
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5
Q

What two hormones does the arcuate nucleus produce?

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. GHRH
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6
Q

What hormone does the pre-optic nucleus produce?

A

GRH

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7
Q

What hormone does the peri-ventricular nucleus produce?

A
  1. Somatostatin
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8
Q

What is the effect of dopamine on prolactin?

A

Dopamine inhibits prolactin

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9
Q

How many dopamine receptor types exist?

A

Five

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10
Q

Which three locations produce dopamine?

A
  1. Substantia nigra
  2. Arcuate nucleus
  3. Medulla of the adrenal glands
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11
Q

What are the 5 functions of dopamine?

A
  1. Role in behaviour, cognition and voluntary movements
  2. Inhibits prolactin
  3. Inotropic
  4. Chronotropic
  5. Induces vomiting via CTZ (metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist)
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12
Q

What two enzymes metabolise dopamine?

A
  1. Catechol-0-methyl transferase (COMT)
  2. Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
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13
Q

True or false - Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier

A

True or false - Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier True.

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14
Q

What type of release is GnRH?

A

Pulsatile

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15
Q

What is the pulsatile release frequency of GnRH during follicular and luteal phases respectively?

A
  1. GnRH pulsatile frequency is high in follicular phase
  2. GnRH pulsatile frequency slows in the luteal phase
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16
Q

What is the pulsatile release frequency of GnRH during follicular and luteal phases respectively?

A
  1. GnRH pulsatile frequency is high in follicular phase
  2. GnRH pulsatile frequency slows in the luteal phase
17
Q

What is the half life of GnRH?

A

2-4 mins

18
Q

What chromosome is GnRH gene located on?

A

Chromosome 8

19
Q

Is GnRH activity high or low in childhood?

A

Low

20
Q

What is the effect of insulin on GnRH?

A

Insulin increases GnRH activity

21
Q

What is the effect of prolactin on GnRH activity?

A

Prolactin decreases GnRH activity?

22
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin on GnRH?

A

Somatostatin inhibits GnRH

23
Q

Where is somatostatin secreted from?

Five locations

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Intestines
  3. Pancreatic D-cells
  4. Thyroid (para-follicular cells)
  5. Periventricular nucleus
24
Q

What five inhibitory functions does somatostatin have?

A
  1. Inhibition of growth hromone
  2. Inhibition of TSH
  3. Supression of release of GI hormones (seven)
  4. Decreases gastric emptyng, blood flow and intestinal contractions
  5. Suppresses release of pancreatic hormones
25
Q

Which 7 GI hormones does somatostatin suppress?

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. CCK
  3. Secretin
  4. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  5. Motilin
  6. Insulin
  7. Glucagon
26
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates release of…

two

A
  1. Prolactin
  2. TSH
27
Q

Where is TRH secreted?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

28
Q

What is melatonin synthesised from?

A

Serotonin

29
Q

What is the effect of melatonin on gonadotropins?

A

Inhibition

30
Q

The production of melatonin is diurnal - where is it produced?

Five locations

A
  1. Pineal gland
  2. Retina
  3. Lens of eye
  4. GIT
  5. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
31
Q

Melatonin production increases in response to which two things?

A
  1. Hypoglycaemia
  2. Darkness

MRCOG Part 1 (8 decks)

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