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Pathophysiology > Endocrinology Intro > Flashcards

Endocrinology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Five major types of hormones

and ex for each

A
  1. AA derived–dopamine, catecholamine and thyroid hormone
  2. small neuropeptides–gonadotropin rel hormone, TSH, somatostatin and vasopressin
  3. Large proteins–insulin, LH, parathyroid hormone
  4. Steroid hormones (cholesterol based)–cortisol and estrogen
  5. Vitamin derived— retinoids (vit a) and vit D
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2
Q

Which types of hormones interact with intracellular receptors
-why????

A 
Steroids 
thyroid hormones 
vit d 
retinoids 
****BC THEY ARE ALL POLAR****
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3
Q

which types of hormones interact with cell membrane surface receptors?

A

AA derivatives
peptide hormones

NON POLAR**

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4
Q

five general functions of endocrine system

A
  1. differentiation of the reproductive and CNS in dvlping fetus
  2. stim of growth and development during childhood and adolescence
  3. Coordination of the male and female reproductive systems–making sexual reproduction possible
  4. Maint of homeostasis
  5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency occurs
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5
Q

three patterns in whic hormones are secreted

A
  1. circadian or diurnal patterns
  2. Pulsatile or cyclic patterns–menses for ex
  3. Patterns that dep on levels of circulating substrates–NA, Ca, K, or the hormone itself
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6
Q

hormones operate within a _____ system to maintain ______

A 
feedback system (pos or neg) 
homeostasis
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7
Q

where are steroid hormones excreted and produced (conjugated)

A

excreted–kidneys

prod–liver

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8
Q

what inactivates hormones

A

LIVER

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9
Q

peptide (or water based) hormones are excreted bY? and catabolized by?

A

excreted–feces or urine

catabolized–enzymes in circulation

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10
Q

hormone release is regulated by? (3)

give examples

A
  1. Chemical factors–blood glucose or ca levels
  2. Endocrine factors–one gland controlling another endo gland (pituitary gland)
  3. neuronal control–stress induced rel of catecholamines from adrenal medulla
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11
Q

two reasons hormones are released

A
  1. resp to alterations of hormones in body

2. chemical response to alterations in cellular envi (disruption in homeostasis)

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12
Q

what is the main role of negative feedback?

A

to turn off hormone that is already circulating in high amounts

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13
Q

hypothalamus produces_____hormones

pituitary gland produces ____ hormones

A

hypothal— RELEASING hormones (which stim the PG to rel its hormones)

PG–STIMULATING or TROPIC hormones (stim target organs to rel their hormones)

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14
Q

Growth hormone stimulates ___ to release _____

A

liver— that releases somatomedins

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15
Q

TSH stimulates ____ to relese ____

A

thyroid gland—T3 T4

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16
Q

Prolactin stimulates ____ to produce

A

breast—milk production

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17
Q

ACTH stimualtes ___ to release___

A

adrenal cortex—cortisol

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18
Q

FSH stimulates _____ to release ____

A

ovarian follices—Estrogen

testes–spermatogenesis

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19
Q

LH stimulates___ to release ____

A

Corpus luteum—progesterone

Testes—testosterone

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20
Q

list the Ant Pit GLand hormones

A 
Growth hormone---GH 
TSH--thyroid stim hormone 
Prolactin 
ACTH--Adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH--follicle stim hormone 
LH--leutinizing hormone
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21
Q

ADH stimulates _____ to ____

A

kidneys–increase h20 absoprtion, constrict BVs

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22
Q

Oxytocin stimulates____ to ____

A

uterus to contract

breast to prod milk

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23
Q

Hormones of the post pit gland

A

ADH—anti diuretic hormone

Oxytocin

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24
Q

Hypothalamtic (NT) ___ inhibits ____ release from ___

A

dopamine
prolactin
AP gland

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25
Q

In primary hyper– disorder:
1. the [hormone] rel from the gland will be H/L
2. the stimulating [hormone] from PG will be H/L
EX?

A

hormone from target gland= HIGH
hormone from AP gland=LOW
all due to incr neg feedback from hyperactive target gland
EX: Grave’s disease

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26
Q

primary endo disorder is when what is malfunctioning?

*labs are in what direction?

A

target organ

*labs are in opposite direction

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27
Q

secondary and tertiary disorder is when what is malfunctioning?

*labs are in what direction

A 
Pituitary gland (2) and hypothalmamus (3) 
*labs are in same direction
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28
Q

in secondary hyper– disorder:
1. the target organ [hormone] will be H/L
2. the stimulating [hormone] will be H/L
EX

A

BOTH will be HIGH

EX: Cushing’s disease (pituitary adenoma)

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29
Q

In primary hypo– disorder:
1. the [hormone] rel from the gland will be H/L
2. the stimulating [hormone] from PG will be H/L
EX?

A
  1. low
  2. high
    EX: Hashimoto’s or thyroiditis
    BC Loss of negative feedback from hypo-active target gland
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30
Q

in secondary (or tertiary) hypo– disorder:
1. the target organ [hormone] will be H/L
2. the stimulating [hormone] will be H/L
EX

A

BOTH will be low
EX: hypopituitarism

BC PG (or hypothalm for tertiary) not secreting enough

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31
Q

list the two hormones that thyroid gland produces

A

thyroid hormone—T3 T4

calcitonin

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32
Q

what hormone is secreted from parathyroid glands

A

PTH–parathyroid hormone

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33
Q

define short feedback loop

A

incr plasma levels of end target hormone prod neg feedback to AP aka turn off AP

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34
Q

define long feedback loop

A

incr plasma levels of end target hormone prod neg feedback to hypothalamus aka turn off hypothal

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35
Q

ex of POS feedback

A

stages of labor:

-incr in hormones of oxytocin—incr contractions

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36
Q

insulin is a water or lipid soluble

A

water

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37
Q

half life of water sol hormones are short or long? WHY

A

short

they are catabolized quickly by circulating enzymes

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38
Q

can water sol hormones diffuse accross PM?

A

NO

*they need

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39
Q

which type of hormones are transp bound to carrier or transp protein

A

lipid soluble hormones

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40
Q

can lipid sol hormones diffuse across PM?

A

yes–diffuse freely

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41
Q

what happens when lipid sol hormones are released from carrier proteins?

A

distributed throughout the body BUT only the cells with the hormone receptor for THAT specific hormone are affected

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42
Q

List of Peptide water soluble hormones

A

Growth Hormones
Insulin
Parathyroid Hormone
Prolactin

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43
Q

List of Glycoprotein water soluble hormones

A

Follicle stim hormone
Leuitinizing Hormone
TSH

44
Q

List of Polypeptide water soluble hormones

A 
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 
ADH 
Calcitonin
Endorphins 
Glucagon 
Melanocyte stim hormones 
Oxytocin 
Somatostatin (GH) 
TRH
45
Q

List of amines water sol hormones

A

Epi

Norepi

46
Q

List of Thyroxine lipid sol hormones

A

Thyroxine–T4

Triiodothyronine T3

47
Q

List of steroid lipid sol hormones

A 
Estrogen 
Glucocoticoids (cortisol) 
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) 
Progestins (progesterone) 
Testosterone
48
Q

List of derivatives of arachidnoic acid lipid sol hormones

A

Leukotrienes
Prostacyclines
Prostaglandins
Thromboxane

49
Q

steroids (lipid sol) hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

50
Q

Androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, vit D, retinoids

A

steroids (lipid sol) hormones

51
Q

where do steroid hormones bind to its recps?

A

cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors–intracellular

52
Q

what do steroid hormones activate

A 
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase 
DNA transcription
53
Q

what is the first messenger

A

hormone– its secreted into the blood stream carrying a message to target cell

54
Q

define signal transduction

A

signal that hormone carries

hormone binds to receptor—>membrane enzyme OR intracellular enzyme causes alterations in gene transcription–>creating a response to hormone

55
Q

list the three cell surface receptors and what type of hormone activates them

A

G-protein linked receptors–water sol activates

ion-channel receptors

Enzyme-linked receptor aka kinases A and C—> MC

56
Q

the more receptors a cell has=?

A

the more sensitive the cell is to that hormone

57
Q

define up-regulation

A

low [ ] of hormones increase the number of receptors per cell OVER TIME
**think of the angelina Jolie and paparazzi ex*

58
Q

define down-reg

A

high [ ] of hormones decrease the number of receptors/cell OVER TIME (not immediately)

59
Q

where are hormone receptors located

A

IN or ON plasma membrane

or

in the intracellular compartment of target cell

60
Q

high or low molecular wt for water sol hormones

A

HIGH

61
Q

process by which hormone message is communicated into the target cell—-????

A

signal transduction

62
Q

signal transduction steps (5)

A
  1. receptor activation/binding of hormone–>its recep
  2. Activation or a G protein (transducer) and membrane-assoc enzyme (effector enzyme)
  3. production of second messenger
  4. Activation of an intracellular enzyme—Protein kinase A or C
  5. Alterations in gene transcription and resulting target cell response to hormone
63
Q

list hypothalamic hormones (9)

A
  1. Thyrotropin-releasig hormone
  2. Gonadotropin-rel hormone
  3. Somatostatin
  4. Growth hormone release hormone
  5. Corticotropin-releasing hormone
  6. substance P
  7. Dopamine
  8. Prolactin-releasing hormone
  9. prolactin-inhibiting hormone
64
Q

Action of TRH

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

action: stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone

target cells: Thyrotrope cells on AP–>TSH

65
Q

Action of GnRH

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

action: stim rel of FSH and LH

Gonadotrope cells–>FSH and LH

66
Q

target hormone and action of somatostatin

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

action: inhibits release of GH and TSH

target gland: AP and GH + TSH

67
Q

Action of GHRH

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

stimulated rel of GH—- from AP

Stimulates Somatotrope cell–>GH released

68
Q

action of corticotropin-rel hormone (CRH)

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

stimulates release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from AP

Stims corticotrope cells–>ACTH and MSH

69
Q

action of substance P

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

inhibits synthesis and release of ACTH

Stimulates secretion of: GH, FSH, LH, prolactin

70
Q

action of dopamine

A

inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin from AP

-INHIBIT lactotrope cells so prolactin not released

71
Q

Action of prolactin-releasing hormone

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

stim secretion of prolactin from AP

stimulates Lactotrope cells–>prolactin

72
Q

action of prolactin-inhibiting hormone

  • target cells on pituitary
  • hormone released?
A

inhibits secretion of prolactin from AP

73
Q

roles/action of posterior pituitary gland

A
  • does NOT synthesize hormones

- release of two hormones/neurotransmitters—– ADH and Oxytocin

74
Q

ADH

  • function/controls___?
  • acts on?
  • effect on urine [ ]
A

stored in AP

  • controls volume status and osmolality
  • INCRS water reabsorption into blood
  • causes vasoconstriction
  • incr BP

acts on: V2 receptors of the renal tubules cells–INCRS their permeability–> INCRS h2O absorption into blood–> creates more concentrated urine

75
Q

how does hypothal release its hormones?

A

through the portal system—>AP

76
Q

adenohypophysis

A

Ant Pit

77
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Post Pit

78
Q

what connects hypothal–AP

A

portal blood vessels

79
Q

what connects hypothal–PP

A

hypothalamohypophysial tract

80
Q

Hypothalamus is posterior to? and Anterior to?

b/w which ventricles

A

anterior to cerebellum
posterior to sella turcica
b/w third and fourth ventricle

81
Q

another term for ADH

A

arginine vasopressin

82
Q

arginine vasopressin

A

ADH

83
Q

issue with ADH could cause what kind of urine and frequency?

A

lower concentrated urine and LOT of urine

bc loss of absorption

84
Q

function of oxytocin

A

milk ejecting during lactation
uterine contractions
*may have some influence on sperm motility

85
Q

what does oxytocin bind to and where

A

bind to myoepithelial cells—mammary tissues–>causes contraction of cells–>INCRs intramammary pressure–?INCR milk ejection

86
Q

secretion of oxytocin is due to?

A

sucking response during breast feeding

87
Q

inapp levels of ADH causes

A

large amts of dilute urine

88
Q

ACTH:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

corticotropic cell–sec from AP

targets=adrenal gland

function= increased steroid-genesis, synthesis of adrenal proteins contributing to maint of adrenal gland

89
Q

Melanocyte-stim hormone:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

Melanotropic cell from AP

targets=AP

function= promotes secretion of melanin and lipoprotein by AP—makes skin darker

90
Q

Growth Hormone:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

Somatotropic cell from AP

targets=muscles bone liver

Function= regulates metabolic process related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressers, muscle growth, incr liver glyconeolysis, incr fat metabolism

91
Q

Prolactin:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

Lactotropic cell–AP

target=breast

function= milk production

92
Q

TSH:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

thyrotropic cell comes from AP

target=thyroid gland

function=incr prod and secretion of thyroid hormone, increase iodide uptake, promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thymocytes

93
Q

LH:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

Gonadotropic cell from AP

target=granulosa cells in W and Steroli Cells in M

function= ovulation, progesterone production, testicular grwoth, testosterone prod

94
Q

FSH:

  • secretory cell type
  • targets?
  • functions
A

gonadotropic cell from AP

target=granulosa cells in W and Steroli Cells in M

function=follicle maturation, estrogen production and spermatogenesis

95
Q

which hormone is resp for estrogen prod

A

FSH

96
Q

which hormone is resp for ovualtion and progesterone production

A

LH

97
Q

which hormone is resp for testituclar growth and testosterone production

A

LH

98
Q

which hormone is resp for spermatogenesis

A

FSH

99
Q

what connects hypothalamus to PG?

A

infindibulum

100
Q

what provides the major blood supply to AP?

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal plexus

101
Q

arterial supply to the AP and PP?

A

AP=superior hypophyseal artery

PP=inferior hypophyseal artery

102
Q

explain + feedback loop

-give ex

A

increase in hormones causes increase in the magnitude of the effect

EX: contractions during child birth

  • pos feedback occurs to amplify the change in system
  • increase in oxytocin causes increase in contractions
103
Q

define:
1. autocrine
2. paracrine
3. endocrine

A
  1. within cell
  2. b/w local cells
  3. b.w remote cells
104
Q

three basic patterns of secretoin

A
  1. circadian or dinural
  2. pulsatile and cyclic
  3. patterns that dep on levels of circulating substrates— like NA, CA, K or hormone itself
105
Q

steroids are excreted directly from_____ OR conjugated by_____

A

excreted by kidneys

conjugated by liver

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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