Endocrinology

Question 1

Exocrine vs endocrine

Answer 1

Exo - into ducts

endo - into interstitial fluid

Question 2

Pituitary glands

Answer 2

anterior - FSH,LH,GH, TSH
posterior - stores vasopressin and oxytocin

controlled by hypothalamus

Question 3

Thyroid -

Answer 3

2 lobes joined by isthmus. Takes iodine from food and converts to thyroxine (T3) and thyriodothyrine (T4)

TRH released by hypothalamus cases TSH released by pituitary causes T3 and T4 release from thyroid

causes increase in metabolic rat and increase temp
T3 AND T4 inhibit TRH and TSH so negative feedback loop

Question 4

Parathyroid -

Answer 4

4 glands, produce parathyroid hormone regulates Ca2+. breaks down bone, absorbed more from food and increases kidneys ability to hold onto it

Question 5

Adrenal glands

Answer 5

on top to kidney, rich blood supply
cortex - cortisol for metabolism and aldosterone for BP
Medulla - adrenaline

Question 6

Testes and ovaries

Answer 6

testes - testosterone

ovaries - estrogen, progensterone

Question 7

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 7

type 1 - lack of insulin from b, autoimmune due to infection, cells downtake up glucose ao lots in urine, loss of weight, lipids and proteins broken down into ketones = ketonacidosis and muscle wasting

Type 2 - peripheral tissuss not responding to insulin

Question 8

Metformin

Answer 8

hypoglycaemic agent - cause increase uptake of glucose by muscle - side effects to GI

Question 9

polycystic ovary

Answer 9

insulin resistant cyst so body produces more insulin and start producing male hormones

Question 10

T3

Answer 10

increases protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, lipid breakdown, increase heart rate and contractility

T3 and T4 set basal metabolic rate

Question 11

thyroxine increase and decrease

Answer 11

decrease- cretinism, immature, bone retardation. in adults causes hypothyroidism where low cardiac output causing oedema

increase - excessive connective tissue behind eyes due to low iodine in diet

treat with radioactive iodine or remove thyroid