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Physiology and pharmacology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

need for a circulatory system??

A

evolutionary, increase in size and complexity so simple diffusion is not adequate to supply system with nutrients and to remove the waste. provides a steep concentration gradient

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2
Q

Roles of circulatory system ?

A

primary role: distribution of dissolved gases for nutrition and growth and repair

also: chemical signalling dissipation of heat, mediation of inflammatory response

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3
Q

types of capillary bed>

A

single bed e.g. coronary capillaries
to beds in parallel e.g. splenic and mesenteric capillary beds join before portal hepatic
two beds in series e.g. glomerular and peritubular at kidneys

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4
Q

blood pressure measuring

A

measured as a pressure between 2 points

using a sphygmomanometer that reports the arterial pressure in millimetres of mercury

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5
Q

Total cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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6
Q

blood flow?

A

greater the pressure difference between 2 points the greater the flow
blood flows from high tho low pressure

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7
Q

resistance depends on?

A

viscosity of blood
size of lumen
length of the vessel

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8
Q

what causes BP to vary?

A

how far away from heart ventricle
systemic of pulmonary circuit
systole or diastole

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9
Q

hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure exerted by a liquid in response to an applied force

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10
Q

pressures in the systemic circuit?

A

at left ventricle in systole = 130 mmHg

arterioles = 80mmHg

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11
Q

pressures in the pulmonary circuit?

A

right ventricle in systole = 30 mmHg

arterioles = 20 mmHg

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12
Q

what is systolic and diastolic pressure ?

A 
systolic = ventricular systole 
diastolic = diastole
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13
Q

pulse pressure meaning?

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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14
Q

what is a pulse?

A

rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies Heart beat

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15
Q

What effects systolic pressure ?

A 
ejection velocity 
stroke volume (output during a single beat from either L or R ventricle)
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16
Q

What effects diastolic pressure?

A

total peripheral resistance and blood flow from arterial to venous sides

17
Q

korotkoff sounds?

A

hear when taking BP
loud sound = turbulent flow
silence = laminar flow

18
Q

mean arterial pressure calculation =

A

diastolic BP + 1/3 of (systolic BP - Diastolic BP)

19
Q

disruption in homeostasis of BP and volume could be due to ….

A

trauma
increase temp
chemical changes - CO2 O2 NO
pH

20
Q

endocrine response to adjust low BP

A

Aldosterone produced by the adrenal glads that sit able the kidneys - Na+ retention which causes water retention and K+ loss. therefore more h20 in blood increasing volume and pressure

Angiotensin 2 hormone (8 amino acids) -

  1. target is the blood vessel (rapid response) causing vasoconstriction of smooth muscle increasing resistance and therefore increasing arterial pressure.
  2. target is the kidney, slower response, sodium reabsorption occurs so water follows. Stroke volume increases
  3. pituitary gland effect: releases ADH (antidiuretic) so water reabsorption so bp increase
21
Q

Baroreceptors role in BP

A

detect stretching of the blood vessel walls in the carotid sinus in carotid artery. negative feedback loop.

BP high - stimulate baros, cardioinhibitory stimulated, cardioacceleratory inhibited, vasomotor inhibited, vasodilation and lowering of cardiac output

BP low - stimulates vasomotor centre, stimulate cardioacceleratory centre, inhibits cardioinhibitory centre, vasoconstriction and increase cardiac output

22
Q

what are the cardioinhibitry and accelerator centres ?

A 
inhibitory = increases parasympathetic 
accelerator = increases sympathetic
23
Q

What is the vasomotor centre?

A

controls activity of the sympathetic neurone that inert the vascular smooth muscle

24
Q

what is orthostasis?

A

suddenly standing from lying or sitting - causes increase in vascular tone

25
Q

hypertension? what is it?

A

BP is more than 140/90

26
Q

What are ACE inhibitors?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor which disrupts the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system

an example = ramipril

When the body recognises there is a drop in the pressure of the blood flowing to the kidneys it causes a substance called renin to be released.
This promotes the production of angiotensin I.
The angiotensin converting enzyme then acts to convert the angiotensin I to produce the hormone angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II causes: constriction of the smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels in the body and promotes the production of a hormone called aldosterone.
increase the reabsorption of sodium and water.
tightening of the blood vessels and the increase in fluid volume in the body causes an increase in the blood pressure

27
Q

Thiazide diuretics?

A

reduce blood volume y causing more water to be lost in urine

28
Q

metoprolol used for?

A

to decrease cardiac output - sympathetic b1 adrenoreceptor antagonist

29
Q

3 layers of the blood vessel?

A

tunica interna (intima) = endothelial cells resting on a basement memrane

Tunica Media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres - elastin covered by microfibrils

Tunica Externa - collagen fibres and elastic fibres, vasa vasorum (network of small blood vessels) , nerves

30
Q

metarterioles?

A

terminal regions of arterioles?

31
Q

precapillary sphincter -

A

monitors blood flow into the capillary

32
Q

autonomic NS regulated capillary contraction and dilation how?

A

vasoconstriction - noradrenaline activate a1 adrenoreceptors (G couples Gq subunit that activates phospholipase C, activates IP3 causing the release of calcium)

Vasodilation - reduced release of noradrenaline

33
Q

3 types of capillary?

A

continuous = have inter endothelial junctions 10-15nm wide and have coated pits for leaking products

fenstrated - fenestra allow large molecules to pass, found in areas with high molecular exchange. Fenestra are covered by a thin diaphragm

Sinusoidal (discontinuous) = large gaps

34
Q

difference in capillaries in the blood brain barrier -

A

have tight junctions and so molecules have to be transported by transporter so no adverse neuronal effect

35
Q

Types of vein?

A

post capillary venules - porous, site for exchange
muscular venules- thin muscle layer can expand, are reservoirs for blood
Vena Cava = valves, more muscular than smaller veins

36
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

excess fluid and proteins enter forming lymph and are filtered and returned to blood when needed

3 roles -
1 drain excess interstitial fluid maintaining blood vol
2 transport dietary lipids
3 carries out immune responses

37
Q

what makes up the lymphatic sysytem?

A

lymph nodes - remove foreign substances by filtering
lymphatic vessels - some smooth muscle, have valves to prevent back flow
Lymphatic capillaries - more leaky than blood capillaries and have inter endothelial junctions called primary lymph valves

Physiology and pharmacology (12 decks)

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