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CCSE > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Metformin. Mechanism?

A

Eykur insúlínnæmi perifert
Minnkar gluconeogenesu í lifur
Má ekki gefa nýrnabiluðum og eldri en 80 ára

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2
Q

Sulfonylurea. Mechanism? (glipizide, glimepiride)

A

Eykur endogen insúlínframleiðslu

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3
Q

Thiazolidinediones. Mechanism? (pioglitazone)

A

Eykur insúlínnæmi

Má ekki gefa í heart failure

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4
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors. Mechanism? (-liptin lyf)

A

Hindra niðurbrot GLP-1

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5
Q

Incretins. Mechansim? (-tides lyf)

A

GLP-1 agónisti
Hægir á food absorption
Eykur insúlín og minnkar glucagon

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6
Q

Einkenni DKA?

A 
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Kussmaul respiration
Mental status change
Fruity acetone brath odor
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7
Q

Einkenni HHS (hyperosmolar, hyperglycemic state)

A

Profound dehydration

Mental status change (meiri en í DKA)

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8
Q

Blóðsykur í DKA vs. HHS?

A

DKA >250 mg /dL

HHS >600mg /dL

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9
Q

Metabolic syndrome criteria?

A 
WEIGHHT
Waist Expanded
Impaired Glucose
Hypertension
HDL lækkað
Triglycerides hækkað
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10
Q

Graves disease. Specific signs?

A

Exopthalmus
Pretibial myxedema
Thyroid bruits

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11
Q

Mismunandi casts í urinalysis og hvað orsakar?

A

Muddy brown casts - acute tubular necrosis
RBC casts - glomerulonephritis
WBC casts - interstitial nephritis og pyelonephritis
Fatty casts - nephrotic sx
Broad and waxy casts - chronic renal failure

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12
Q

Thyroid storm presentation?

A

A. fib
Fever
Delirium

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13
Q

Thyroid storm meðferð?

A 
antithyroid drugs
iodine
esmolol
steroids
ICU meðferð
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14
Q

Hvenær á að meðhöndla subclinical hypothyroidism?

A

Ef TSH > 10mU/L

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15
Q

bone pain + hearing loss. Hvað?

A

Paget’s

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16
Q

Hypercalcemia einkenni?

A 
Stones
Bones
Moans
Groans
Psychiatric overtones
17
Q

Hypercalcemia. Meðferð?

A

IV fluids
Loop diuretics
Bisphosphonates ef malignancy

18
Q

Orsakir hypoparathyrodism?

A

Iatrogenic
Autoimmune
Congenital (DiGeorge)
Infiltrative (hemochromatosis, Wilsons)

19
Q

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia er hvað?

A

Fólk er með hækkað Ca en allt annað eðlilegt
Engin meðferð og án einkenna.
ATH: lágt Ca í þvagi því stökkbreytingar i calcium receptors

20
Q

Hvað er sheehan sx?

A

pituitary infarction

oft tengt postpartum hemorrhage

21
Q

Hver er munurinn á cushing syndrome og disease?

A 
Syndrome = of mikið cortisol
Disease = of mikið cortisol vegna ACTH seytandi pituitary adenoma
22
Q

Hvað gerist ef hyponatremia er leiðrétt of hratt?

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

23
Q

Meðferð við SIADH?

A

Fluid restriction er cornerstone!

24
Q

Hvar er DHEAS framleitt?

A

BARA í adrenal gland

25
Q

Einkenni primer adrenal insufficiency?

A

Aukin skin pigmentation
Minni glucocorticoids
Minni mineralocorticoids

Ef sekúnder þá er bara lækkaðir glucocorticoids en ekki skin og ekki hyperkalemia

26
Q

Adrenal crisis management?

A 
4S's
Salt
Steroids: IV hydrocortisone 100mg á 8 tíma fresti
Support
Search for underlying illness
27
Q

Hvað er waterhouse-friedrichsen syndrome?

A

adrenal hemorrhage vegna N. meningitidis

28
Q

Pheochromocytoma regla?

A 
Rule of 10's
10% extra-adrenal
10% bilateral
10% malignant
10% in children
10% familial
29
Q

Pheochromocytoma einkenni?

A 
5P's
Pressure (BP)
Pain (headache)
Perspiration
Palpitations
Pallor
30
Q

Pheochromocytoma meðferð?

A

Aðgerð til að fjarlægja en fyrst:
alfa-blokkar og beta-blokkar
gefa alfa fyrst því bara beta eitt og sér getur valdið severe hypertension

31
Q

Hvað er Conn sx?

A

Hyperaldosteronism vegna unilateral adrenal adenoma

32
Q

MEN 1 líffæri?

A

3P’s
Pancreas
Pituitary
Parathyroid

33
Q

MEN 2A líffæri?

A

2P’s
Parathyroids
Pheochromocytoma

34
Q

MEN 2B líffæri?

A

1P’s

Pheochromocytoma

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