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CCSE > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Pulsus parvus et tardus. Spot diagnosa?

A 
Aortic stenosis
(weak and delayed pulses)
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2
Q

Eðlileg lengd PR?

A

120-200

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3
Q

Eðlileg lengd QRS?

A

<120

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4
Q

Eðlileg lengd QTc?

A

<440

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5
Q

Pulsus paradoxus. Hvað og diagnosur?

A 
Lægri BÞ með innöndun 
- fall um >10mmHg on inspiration
Tamponade (etv vegna pericarditis)
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Tension pneumo
Foreign body in airway
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6
Q

Pulsus alternans. Diagnosa?

A

Tamponade
Impaired left ventricular systolic function
Poor prognosis

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7
Q

S3, hvers vegna?

A

Fluid overload

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8
Q

S4, hvers vegna?

A

Decreased compliance (hypertension, diastolic dysfunction)

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9
Q

Kussmaul sign?

A

Aukinn JVP með innöndun

tamponade eða constrictive pericarditis

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10
Q

Sick-sinus syndrome?

A

Intermittent SVT og bradyarrythmiur

Algengasta ástæða pacemaker

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11
Q

Multifocal atrial tachycardia. Skilgreining?

A

amk 3 mismunandi P-wave morphologies

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12
Q

Hver er algengasta orsök hægri hjartabilunar?

A

Vinstri hjartabilun

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13
Q

Meðferð við Torsades de Pointes?

A

Magnesium + cardiovert if unstable

Correct hypokalemia og sjá hvort drug induced

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14
Q

Wolf-Parkinson-White. Charactheristic?

A

Delta wave

= flatt upp að R takka í QRS

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15
Q

Systolic dysfunction. Fyrsta einkenni oftast?

A

mæði við áreynslu

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16
Q

Algengasta cardiomyopathian?

A

Dilated

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17
Q

Greiningarskilmerki dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

left ventricular dilation

minnkað EF

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18
Q

Mögulegar orsakir dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
Idiopathic
Ischemia
Long standing hypertension
Alcohol
Myocarditis
Postpartum status
Drugs (doxorubicin, cocaine ofl)
Endocrinopathy
Infection (coxsachie, HIV, Chagas, parasites)
Genetics
Nutritional (wet beriberi)
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19
Q

S3. Hvers vegna?

A

Rapid ventricular filling in fluid overload

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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20
Q

S4. Hvers vegna?

A

Stiff, noncompliant ventricle + aukið “atrial kick”

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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21
Q

Algengasta orsök dauða hjá ungum, hraustum íþróttamönnum í USA?

A

Hyperthrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

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22
Q

Helstu orsakir hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

HOCM - autosomal dominant
Hypertension
Aortic stenosis

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23
Q

Key finding í hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Systolic ejection crescendo-decrescendo murmur sem eykst við minnkað preload (valsalva, standing)

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24
Q

Meðferð við hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

betablokkar sem einkennameðferð
og second-line er CCB
etv skurðaðgerðir

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25
Q

Orsakir restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A 
Infiltrative disease (sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, amyloidosis)
Scarring + fibrosis vegna geislunar
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26
Q

Hvað sést oft á EKG í restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

LBBB

27
Q

Major risk factors for CAD?

A 
Age
Male gender
Dyslipidemia
HTN
family history
Smoking
DM
Abdominal Obesity
28
Q

Prinzmetal angina er hvað?

A

Angina pectoris vegna vasospasm of coronary vessels
Ungar konur snemma á morgnana í hvíld
ST-hækkanir án hækkana á ensímum

29
Q

Chronic stable angina meðferð?

A

ASA, betablokkar, nitro

30
Q

Unstable angina / NSTEMI meðferð?

A 
ASA
O2
nitro
morfín
etv betablokker
heparin ef TIMI 3 eða hærra, troponin hækkun, ST >1mm
31
Q

STEMI. Hvað er best predictor of survival?

A

Left ventricular EF

32
Q

ECG í posterior wall infarct?

A

ST lækkanir

Dominant R-waves í V1-V2

33
Q

ECG breytingar sequence í STEMI?

A 
Peaked T
ST hækkanir
Q wave
T inversion
ST normaliserast
T normaliserast
34
Q

Hvað getur Troponin I verið lengi að hæakk í kjölfar anginu?

A

6 tíma

35
Q

Inferior infarct. Hvaða æðar?

A

RCA (right coronary)

PDA (posterior descending)

36
Q

Anterior infarct. Hvaða æðar?

A

LAD (left anterior descending)

Diagonal

37
Q

Lateral infarct. Hvaða æðar?

A

LCA (left coronary)

38
Q

Inferior infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?

A

II, III, aVF

39
Q

Anterior infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?

A

V1-V4

40
Q

Lateral infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?

A

I, aVL, V5-V6

41
Q

Posterior infarct. ST hækkanir hvar?

A

Hvergi

Lækkanir etv í V1-V2

42
Q

STEMI meðferð.

A

ASA, clopidogrel, nitro, O2, morfín, betablokk

43
Q

Hvenær á maður að forðast nítröt í MI?

A

Inferior wall

veldur severe hypotension

44
Q

Hvenær á að gefa thrombolysu í STEMI frekar en PCI?

A

Ef <3 tímar frá onset anginu og kemst ekki í PCI <90 mín

45
Q

Hvað er dressler syndrome? Hvenær og einkenni?

A

Autoimmune process
2-10 vikum post MI
Hiti, pericarditis, pleural effusion, leukocytosis, hækkað sökk

46
Q

Secondary orsakir hypertension?

A 
CHAPS
Cushing sx
Hyperaldosteronism
Aortic coarctation
Pheochromocytoma
Stenosis of renal arteries
47
Q

Munur á hypertensive urgency og emergency?

A

Urgency: hækkaður BÞ og væg einkenni
Emergency: einkenni og teikn um impending end-organ damage

48
Q

Meðferð við hypertensive emergency?

A

IV lyf

Lækka BÞ um 25% á 2 klst.

49
Q

Conn sx. Hvað og triad?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

Triad: HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

50
Q

Causes of pericarditis?

A 
CARDIAC RIND
Collagen vascular disease
Aortic dissection
Radiation
Drugs
Infections
Acute renal injury (uremia)
Cardiac (MI)
Rheumatic disease
Injury
Neoplasm
Dressler sx
51
Q

Pericarditis EKG?

A

Dreifðar ST hækkanir
PR lækkanir
T inversionir

52
Q

Pericarditis helstu ddx?

A

Pneumonia

MI

53
Q

Tamponade triad?

A

Beck
hypotension
distant heart sounds
JVD

54
Q

Tamponade, hjarta á CXR?

A

water-bottle-shaped etv

55
Q

Aortic stenosis. Einkenni?

A 
ACS:
- angina
- CHF
- syncope
\+ pulsus parvus et tardus
56
Q

Aortic regurgitation. Teikn?

A

Blowing diastolic murmur

Widened pulse pressure

57
Q

Helstu orsakir mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Rheumatic fever
Chordae tendinea rupture after MI
Infective endocarditis

58
Q

Aortic aneurysm tengist helst?

A

Atherosclerosis

59
Q

Aortic dissection tengist helst?

A

HTN

60
Q

Aortic dissection. Oftast hvar?

A

Above the aortic valve and distal to subclavian

61
Q

Deep venous thrombosis. Risk factor triad?

A

Virchows triad
Hemostasis
Endothelial trauma
Hypercoagulable states

62
Q

Homans sign?

A

calf tenderness with passive foot dorsiflexion

DVT en poor sensitivity and specificity

63
Q

6Ps of acute ischemia?

A 
Pain
Pallour
Paralysis
Pulselessness
Paresthesias
Poikilothermia

CCSE (7 decks)

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