Endocrinology Flashcards
Hormones released from adrenal
Cortisol (zona fasciculata cortex)
Androgens (zona reticularis cortex)
Aldosterone (zona glomerulosa cortex)
Epinephrine (Chromaffin cells Medulla)
Dopamine (Chromaffin cells Medulla)
Norepinephrine (Chromaffin cells Medulla)
Where is cortisol released from?
Zona fasciculata cortex
Where are androgens released from?
Zona reticularis cortex
Where is aldosterone released from?
Zone glomerulosa cortex
Hormones released from thyroid
T3 (Epithelial cells)
T4 (Epithelial cells)
Calcitonin (parafollicular cells)
Hormones from hypothalamus
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Somatostatin
Vasopressin
Where are oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) synthesized?
Supraoptic and Periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
Hormones from Pituitary (anterior)
Growth Hormone
TSH
Prolactin
ACTH
FSH
LH
Hormones from pituitary (posterior)
Releases ADH & Oxytocin (synthesised by hypothalamus)
Hormones from Placenta
Progesterone
hCG (Syncytiotrophoblast)
hPL (Syncytiotrophoblast)
Hormones from pancreas
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells - note also produced by pylorus)
gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Hormones from gastrointestinal tract
Gastrin (Stomach G cells)
Somatostatin (Stomach D cells)
Histamine (StomachECL cells)
Secretin (S cells duodenum)
Cholecystokinin (I cells duodenum)
Hormones from liver
Insulin like growth factors
Thrombopoietin
Angiotensinogen and angiotensin
Hormones from ovary
Oestragens
Progesterone
Androgen (theca cells)
AntiMullerian Hormone (Granulosa cells)
Hormones from pregnant uterus
Prolactin (Decidual cells)
Relaxin (Decidual cells)
Hormones from adipose tissue
Leptin
Small amounts Progesterone
Estrone
Hormones from kidney
Renin (granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus)
Erythropoietin (Extraglomerular mesangial cells)
Thrombopoietin
Autosomal Dominant
Tuberous Sclerosis
Von Willebrand
Adult PKD
Huntingtons
Marfans
Neurofibromatosis
Noonans
Autosomal recessive
Cystic Fibrosis
Haemochromatosis
Infantile PKD
Thalassemia
Wilson’s Disease
X-Linked Dominant
Fragile X
Rett Syndrome
Vitamin D resistant Ricketts
X-Linked Recessive
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Red/Green Colour Blindness
G6PD deficiency
Haemophilia
Most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?
Iodine deficiency
In UK: 90% of cases of hypothyroidism are autoimmune or iatrogenic.
Pheochromocytoma accounts for what percentage of cases of hypertension?
0.1%
- neuroendocrine tumour of the medulla of the adrenal glands that secretes high amounts of catecholamines.
Interpretation of hepatitis serology:
HBsAg = Indicates current infection either acute or chronic
Anti HBs = Indicates immunity either due to infection or vaccination
Anti HBc = Indicates either current or past infection
IgM Anti HBc = Indicates recent infection