Endocrinology Flashcards
What are the two types of hormones?
Proteins/Lipids and Steroids. Proteins are hydrophilic and steroids are hydrophobic.
What does water chase after in the body?
Salt, fat, and sugar.
What’s an agonist?
It mimics biological response.
What’s an antagonist?
It INHIBITS biological response.
What are the only 2 hormones produced by the POSTERIOR pituitary?
ADH and Oxytocin.
What are the target tissues of oxytocin?
Uterus and mammary glands (ducts)?
What are the HYPOTHALAMIC hormones? (Not Pituitary).
TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, PIH, and GIH.
What are the hormones produced by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY?
TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH.
What’s edema?
Swelling/Bloating. Too much water retention.
What is the most important difference b/w Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus.
DI is glucose negative (has to do more with low ADH). DM is glucose positive.
What are the effects of GH in the body?
- Increases blood glucose
- Increases bones length and width
- Increases muscle mass
- Also: Increase blood level of fatty acids and collagen formation.
What are the other “S” terms for Growth Releasing and Growth Inhibiting hormones.
Somatotropin and Somatostatin (respectively).
What are the complications of Growth Hormone in the body (If not properly regulated).
Hypersecretion: Gigantism in children and Acromegaly in adults.
Hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism (in children).
What is hypersecretion of a hormone indicative of?
A tumor/Adenoma
Where is the parathyroid gland located in respect to the thyroid.
Anteriorly.
What are the effects of T3/T4 hormone in the body?
- Affects METABOLISM
- Heat production
- Affects HR/BP
- Tissue growth/development
- Affects nervous system
Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone. What happens?
- Sluggish
- Cold
- Low metabolism
- Hard to lose weight
- Depressed
- Constipated
-Hashimoto’s (in adults) where AB attacks Thyroid can cause Hypo.
-Can cause cretinism in infants.
Hypersecretion of Thyroid hormone. What happens?
- This usually indicates that tumor is present.
- Antsy/Jitters
- HIGH HR
- Too hot
- High Meta (lose weight fast)
What is Grave’s Disease
The thyroid is HYPER secreting thyroid hormones, which causes complications in the body.
Hypoparathyroidism. What happens?
- Low blood calcium
- Can’t contract muscles properly
- Respiratory paralysis (Can’t breath = die)
Hyperparathyroidism. What happens?
- High blood calcium
- Soft/Pliable bones
- Kidney stones
What does the hormone CRH trigger the release of?
ACTH (In the pituitary).
Describe the function of Aldosterone.
- Helps regulate blood pressure
- Manage levels of Na+/K+
- Secretes either Na+ or K+ depending on BP.
(Aldosterone) What happens if K+ or Na+ rises? Why would either of these happen?
- Higher K+ lowers BP/BV
- Higher Na+ RAISES BP/BV (due to water retention).
What happens if Aldosterone is hypersecreted?
- Indicative of tumor (adrenal)
- Causes hypertension due to Na+ (water retention)
What are the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?
- Glucose negative
- LOW Blood Volume/Pressure
- HIGH Urine output
- EXTREME THIRST
- Copious amounts of water lost
- Indicates there’s an issue with Posterior Pit. gland (Injury) and ADH secretion (too low).
What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?
- Glucose positive
-Hyperglycemia - Excess glucose present in the blood
- Copious volumes of Urine = Cause thirst/dehydration
- Fatigue
What does the Adrenal CORTEX produce?
Aldosterone
What does the Adrenal MEDULLA produce?
Noepi, Epi, and Cortisol
What is the differences between DM 1 and DM 2?
DM 1:
- Autoimmune - AB attacks insulin cells
- Treatment is Insulin injections
- No cure
DM 2:
- Insulin produced, but is resisted by body (no matter what).
- Treatment is good diet, excercise, & stress reduction.
What is the purpose of a Urinalysis?
It is a glucose tolerance test to check if you have either DM 1 or DM 2. It also checks glucose levels (?).
(ACTH hypo.) What are symptoms for Addison’s disease and how is it treated?
- Low BP
- Weight loss
- Hypoglycemia
- Low cortisol
- Hyperpigmentation
- Dehydration
Treatment: Give more cortisol.
(ACTH hyper.) What are the symptoms for Cushing’s disease and how is it treated?
- Higher BP
- Weight gain
- Hyperglycemia
- High cortisol
- “Moon face”
Treatment: Give less cortisol.
What is hypoatremia?
Low sodium
What effects does Noepi, and Epi have on the body?
- Sympathetic response in the body
- Helps regulate stress
- Vasoconstriction (blood is shunted to vital organs)
- High BP, BV, and HR
What are the symptoms of a Adrenal Medulla tumor? What is another factor that can cause those symptoms?
- Hypersecretion of Epi/Noepi
- High blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
- Hypertension
- Vasoconstriction
Chronic stress can also cause these same symptoms!
What is the impact of stress on the Adrenal glands?
- Raised BP, BV, HR
- High ACTH
- High cortisol
- Hyperglycemia
What happens if too much aldosterone is secreted?
It causes hypertension.
What happens if too much Noepi and Epi is secreted?
It causes hyperglycemia (and other sympathetic responses).
What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus?
- Issues with the Adrenal glands (tumor).
- No insulin (Pancreas is attacked) - DM 1
- Insulin resistance - DM 2
