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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Proteins/Lipids and Steroids. Proteins are hydrophilic and steroids are hydrophobic.

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2
Q

What does water chase after in the body?

A

Salt, fat, and sugar.

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3
Q

What’s an agonist?

A

It mimics biological response.

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4
Q

What’s an antagonist?

A

It INHIBITS biological response.

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5
Q

What are the only 2 hormones produced by the POSTERIOR pituitary?

A

ADH and Oxytocin.

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6
Q

What are the target tissues of oxytocin?

A

Uterus and mammary glands (ducts)?

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7
Q

What are the HYPOTHALAMIC hormones? (Not Pituitary).

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, PIH, and GIH.

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8
Q

What are the hormones produced by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY?

A

TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH.

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9
Q

What’s edema?

A

Swelling/Bloating. Too much water retention.

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10
Q

What is the most important difference b/w Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus.

A

DI is glucose negative (has to do more with low ADH). DM is glucose positive.

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11
Q

What are the effects of GH in the body?

A
  • Increases blood glucose
  • Increases bones length and width
  • Increases muscle mass
  • Also: Increase blood level of fatty acids and collagen formation.
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12
Q

What are the other “S” terms for Growth Releasing and Growth Inhibiting hormones.

A

Somatotropin and Somatostatin (respectively).

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13
Q

What are the complications of Growth Hormone in the body (If not properly regulated).

A

Hypersecretion: Gigantism in children and Acromegaly in adults.

Hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism (in children).

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14
Q

What is hypersecretion of a hormone indicative of?

A

A tumor/Adenoma

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15
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located in respect to the thyroid.

A

Anteriorly.

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16
Q

What are the effects of T3/T4 hormone in the body?

A
  • Affects METABOLISM
  • Heat production
  • Affects HR/BP
  • Tissue growth/development
  • Affects nervous system
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17
Q

Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone. What happens?

A
  • Sluggish
  • Cold
  • Low metabolism
  • Hard to lose weight
  • Depressed
  • Constipated

-Hashimoto’s (in adults) where AB attacks Thyroid can cause Hypo.

-Can cause cretinism in infants.

18
Q

Hypersecretion of Thyroid hormone. What happens?

A
  • This usually indicates that tumor is present.
  • Antsy/Jitters
  • HIGH HR
  • Too hot
  • High Meta (lose weight fast)
19
Q

What is Grave’s Disease

A

The thyroid is HYPER secreting thyroid hormones, which causes complications in the body.

20
Q

Hypoparathyroidism. What happens?

A
  • Low blood calcium
  • Can’t contract muscles properly
  • Respiratory paralysis (Can’t breath = die)
21
Q

Hyperparathyroidism. What happens?

A
  • High blood calcium
  • Soft/Pliable bones
  • Kidney stones
22
Q

What does the hormone CRH trigger the release of?

A

ACTH (In the pituitary).

23
Q

Describe the function of Aldosterone.

A
  • Helps regulate blood pressure
  • Manage levels of Na+/K+
  • Secretes either Na+ or K+ depending on BP.
24
Q

(Aldosterone) What happens if K+ or Na+ rises? Why would either of these happen?

A
  • Higher K+ lowers BP/BV
  • Higher Na+ RAISES BP/BV (due to water retention).
25
Q

What happens if Aldosterone is hypersecreted?

A
  • Indicative of tumor (adrenal)
  • Causes hypertension due to Na+ (water retention)
26
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?

A
  • Glucose negative
  • LOW Blood Volume/Pressure
  • HIGH Urine output
  • EXTREME THIRST
  • Copious amounts of water lost
  • Indicates there’s an issue with Posterior Pit. gland (Injury) and ADH secretion (too low).
27
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • Glucose positive
    -Hyperglycemia
  • Excess glucose present in the blood
  • Copious volumes of Urine = Cause thirst/dehydration
  • Fatigue
28
Q

What does the Adrenal CORTEX produce?

A

Aldosterone

29
Q

What does the Adrenal MEDULLA produce?

A

Noepi, Epi, and Cortisol

30
Q

What is the differences between DM 1 and DM 2?

A

DM 1:
- Autoimmune - AB attacks insulin cells
- Treatment is Insulin injections
- No cure

DM 2:
- Insulin produced, but is resisted by body (no matter what).
- Treatment is good diet, excercise, & stress reduction.

31
Q

What is the purpose of a Urinalysis?

A

It is a glucose tolerance test to check if you have either DM 1 or DM 2. It also checks glucose levels (?).

32
Q

(ACTH hypo.) What are symptoms for Addison’s disease and how is it treated?

A
  • Low BP
  • Weight loss
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Low cortisol
  • Hyperpigmentation
  • Dehydration

Treatment: Give more cortisol.

33
Q

(ACTH hyper.) What are the symptoms for Cushing’s disease and how is it treated?

A
  • Higher BP
  • Weight gain
  • Hyperglycemia
  • High cortisol
  • “Moon face”

Treatment: Give less cortisol.

34
Q

What is hypoatremia?

A

Low sodium

35
Q

What effects does Noepi, and Epi have on the body?

A
  • Sympathetic response in the body
  • Helps regulate stress
  • Vasoconstriction (blood is shunted to vital organs)
  • High BP, BV, and HR
36
Q

What are the symptoms of a Adrenal Medulla tumor? What is another factor that can cause those symptoms?

A
  • Hypersecretion of Epi/Noepi
  • High blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
  • Hypertension
  • Vasoconstriction

Chronic stress can also cause these same symptoms!

37
Q

What is the impact of stress on the Adrenal glands?

A
  • Raised BP, BV, HR
  • High ACTH
  • High cortisol
  • Hyperglycemia
38
Q

What happens if too much aldosterone is secreted?

A

It causes hypertension.

39
Q

What happens if too much Noepi and Epi is secreted?

A

It causes hyperglycemia (and other sympathetic responses).

40
Q

What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  • Issues with the Adrenal glands (tumor).
  • No insulin (Pancreas is attacked) - DM 1
  • Insulin resistance - DM 2

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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