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CC2 lecture > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Control center

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

METABOLISM, GROWTH, FERTILITY AND STRESS RESPONSE

A

Endocrine System

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3
Q

chemical compounds released by the endocrine glands

A

hormones

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4
Q

Affects the tissues distant from the site of production

A

Hormones

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5
Q

cholesterol backbone

A

STEROIDS

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6
Q

PROTEINS HAVE:

A

POLYPEPTIDE

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7
Q

ONE MAJOR COMPOSITION

A

AMINO

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8
Q

Stimulates the pituitary glands and regulate its secretions

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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9
Q

releasing hormone are from

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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10
Q

stimulates ACTH in the pituitary gland (adenocorticotropic hormone: targets adrenal gland)

A

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

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11
Q

stimulates gonads (FSH and LH)

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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12
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE

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13
Q

Inhibitor of prolactin

A

DOPAMINE

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14
Q

Inhibits TSH and GH

A

Somatostatin

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15
Q

Master gland that distributes comand to other tissues

A

Pituitary gland

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16
Q

Stimulating hormones are from

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

A

LUTENIZING HORMONE
FSH
TSH
ACTH
GROWTH HORMONE
PROLACTIN

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18
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

A

Oxytoxin
Vasopressin/ADH/AVP

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19
Q

Dimeric glycoprotein

A

LH
FSH
TSH

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20
Q

FEEDBACK HORMONE OF LH:

A

Sex steroids (E2/T)

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21
Q

FEEDBACK HORMONE of FSH:

A

INHIBIN

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22
Q

FEEDBACK HORMONE OF ACTH

A

CORTISOL

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23
Q

FEEDBACK HORMONE OF GROWTH HORMONE

A

IGF-1

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24
Q

Lactations, labor induction and partuition
Pitocin
Maternal nurturing behavior and mother-infant bonding

A

OXYTOCIN

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25
Q

Receptor location for vasopressin/ADH

A

ALH and CD

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26
Q

Promote water retention and reabsorption (regulator: osmoreceptors)

A

ADH/AVP

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27
Q

ADH/Vasopressin increases coagulation factor:

A

Factor VIII (liver) and vWF (endothelium)

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28
Q

Direct effector hormones

A

GH and Prolactin

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29
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by

A

parafollicular cells

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30
Q

Responsible for the removal of excess calcium
Production is triggered by hypercalcemia

A

Calcitonin

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31
Q

Thyroid hormones are secreted by

A

follicular cells

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32
Q

T3 other name

A

Triiodothyronine

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33
Q

T4 other name

A

Tetraiodothyronin

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34
Q

Major component of thyroid hormones:

A

Tyrosine (Iodine)

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35
Q

Protein precursor of thyroid hormones are stored in

A

lumen of thyroid gland

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36
Q

Enzyme for Thyroid hormones

A

TPO - thyroid peroxidase

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37
Q

Flow of hormones from Hypothalamus to Liver

A

Hypothalamus -> TRH -> Anterior pituitary gland -> TSH -> Thyroid gland -> T3 and T4 -> Liver -> Release factors

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38
Q

Hypothyroidism diseases: Primary (from thyroid)

A

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimotos thyroiditis)

Treatment for toxic goiter - subtotal thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine

Excessive iodine intake

Subacute thyroiditis

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39
Q

Hypothyroidism disease: Secondary (Pituitary gland)

A

Hypopituitarism

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40
Q

Hypothyroidism diseases: Tertiary

A

Hypothalmic dysfunction

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41
Q

Affected by the thyroid gland/ direct problem in thyroid gland (↑TSH)

A

Primary hypothyroidism

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42
Q

autoimmune disorder; autoantibodies targets thyroid gland and inhibits production of T3 and T4

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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43
Q

Antibodies present in hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

TgAb, thyroglobulin antibodies
TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibodies

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44
Q

Secondary hypothyroiditis decreased:

A

Pituitary gland (↓TSH)

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45
Q

Increased T3 and T4

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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46
Q

Hyperthyroidism diseases

A

Grave’s disease

Toxic adenoma

Toxic multinodular goiter

TSH-secreting tumor

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47
Q

Nonhyperthyroidism

A

Painful thyroidism

Postpartum thyroiditis

Exogenous hormone

Ectopic thyroid tissue

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48
Q

Grave’s disease pathogenic mechanism:

A

TSHRAb

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49
Q

Nonhyperthyroidism TSH and RAIU levels

A

Both decreased

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50
Q

Toxic adenoma pathogenic mechanism

A

Benign nodule

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51
Q

Toxic multinodular goiter pathogenic mechanism

A

Foci of functional autonomy

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52
Q

TSH secreting tumor pathogenic mechanism

A

Benign pituitary tumor

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53
Q

Leakage of thyroid hormone pathogenic mechanism

A

Painful thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis

54
Q

Exogenous hormone pathogenic mechanism

A

Medication

55
Q

Ectopic thyroid tissue pathogenic mechanism

A

Metastatic thyroid cancer; struma ovarii

56
Q

Tests for grave’s disease

A

TRab positive; TSI positive

57
Q

Tests for Toxic adenoma and Toxic Multinodular goiter

A

Seen on thyroid scan

58
Q

Tests for TSH secreting tumor

A

Pituitary MRI

59
Q

Tests for painful thyroiditis

A

Tg inappropriately high

60
Q

Tests for Postpartum thyroiditis

A

TPOAb often high

61
Q

Tests for Ectopic thyroid tissue

A

Distant metastases seen on thyroid scan

62
Q

autoimmune disease
antibody directed tsh receptor (TSHRab - receives TSH)
TSH stimulates T3 and T4

A

Grave’s disease

63
Q

Mimics function of TSH

64
Q

Inhibit the production depending on the nature of the cells

Source: nodules of thyroid gland - abnormal proliferation - increased hormones

A

Toxic adenoma

65
Q

enlargement of thyroid

Increased hormone productionenlargement of thyroid

Increased hormone production

A

Toxic multinodular goiter

66
Q

benign pituitary tumor - increased stimulation TSH
TSH production is constant

A

TSH- Secreting tumor

67
Q

no production/ not from the thyroid gland; from administered or metastatic tumor

A

Nonhyperthyroidism:

68
Q

test to differentiate hyper to nonhypertyroidism

A

RAIU: Radioactive Iodine Uptake

69
Q

increase uptake of iodine; how much iodine is taken up

A

Hyperthyroidism

70
Q

does not produce T3 and T4; decreased iodine

A

Nonhyperthyroidism

71
Q

Low TSH, Low free T4

A

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
SEVERE NONTHYROIDAL ILLNESS

72
Q

LOW TSH, NORMAL FREE T4 or NORMAL TSH, LOW FREE T4

A

Subclinical hyperthyroidism
Nonthyroidal illness

73
Q

LOW TSH, HIGH FREE T4

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

74
Q

NORMAL TSH, NORMAL FREE T4

75
Q

NORMAL TSH, HIGH FREE T4

A

ARTIFACT, PITUITARY HYPERTHYROIDISM
LABORATORY DRAW WITHIN 6-9 HOURS OF THYROXINE DOSE

76
Q

HIGH TSH, LOW FREE T4

A

PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

77
Q

HIGH TSH, NORMAL FREE T4

A

SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

78
Q

HIGH TSH, HIGH FREE T4

A

TEST ARTIFACT, PITUITARY HYPERTHYROIDISM, THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE

79
Q

HEAT INTOLERANCE

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

80
Q

TACHYCARDIA

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

81
Q

WEIGHT LOSS

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

82
Q

WEAKNESS

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

83
Q

EMOTIONAL LABILITY

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

84
Q

TREMOR

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

85
Q

GRAVE’S DISEASE

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

86
Q

HOARSENESS

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

87
Q

COLD SENSITIVITY

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

88
Q

DRY SKIN

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

89
Q

CONSTIPATION

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

90
Q

BRADYCARDIA

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

91
Q

MYXEDEMA COMA

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

92
Q

MUSCLE WEAKNESS

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

93
Q

Regulate calcium levels

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

94
Q

HORMONE THAT INCREASES CALCIUM LEVELS

95
Q

CELLS THAT INCREASE IONIZED CALCIUM LEVEL

A

OSTEOCLASTS

96
Q

PTH FUNCTION IN KIDNEYS

A

Prevents removal of calcium and activates renal-1-alpha-hydrolase

97
Q

Facilitates entry of calcium

A

Calcitonin

98
Q

Parathyroid gland produces PTH to compensate:

A

Hypocalcemia

99
Q

PTH in bone:

A

stimulates osteoclast activity

100
Q

enzyme that activates vit D

A

1-alpha-hydroxylase

101
Q

Inactive vitamin D

A

25-hydroxycholecalcifero

102
Q

Activated vitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

103
Q

maintains calcium and increase calcium

A

Cholecalciferol

104
Q

Vit D in ________ promotes renal absorption of Ca2+ and reabsorb phosphate

105
Q

Vit D located in ______________ dietary intake absorption of Ca2+ and Phosphate

106
Q

Located on top of the kidneys

A

Adrenal gland

107
Q

adrenaline increase work output; increases amount of energy

A

epinephrine

108
Q

rest - antagonist of epinephrine/adrenaline

A

norepinephrine

109
Q

cause vasodilation, relaxing blood vessels

110
Q

Zona glomerulosa maintains

A

salt/sodium level
aldosterone

111
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

cortisol
carbohydrate metabolism

112
Q

Zona reticularis

A

androgen
secondary sex characeristics

113
Q

Insulin is released by

A

beta-cells

114
Q

Hypoglycemic agent

115
Q

Released by: alpha cells

116
Q

Hyperglycemic agent

A

Glucagon and Somatostatin

117
Q

Released by delta cells

A

Somatostatin

118
Q

Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipogenesis

119
Q

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

120
Q

Inhibits secretion of Insulin, Glucagon, Growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

121
Q

Testosterone is released by

A

Leydig cells

122
Q

Peak level of testosterone

123
Q

primary determinant of male fertility

A

Testosterone

124
Q

Predominant in menopausal women

125
Q

Assess ovarian function

126
Q

Predominant estrogen in pregnant women

127
Q

Progesterone in produced by

A

corpus luteum

128
Q

Determinant of female fertility

A

Progesterone

129
Q

Determinant of female fertility

A

Progesterone

130
Q

Majority of hormones are measured using

A

ELISA or RIA

CC2 lecture (5 decks)

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