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Cell biology semester 1 > endocrinology > Flashcards

endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

GAP junction method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

cell-cell
depends on location

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2
Q

synaptic method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

across synaptic cleft
location/ receptor dependent

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3
Q

para/auto crine method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

interstitial fluid
receptor dependent

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4
Q

endocrine method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

body fluid circulation
receptor dependent

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5
Q

non-classical endocrine tissues

A

heart
kidney
platelets
endothelium
WBC
adipocytes

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6
Q

hormone characteristics

A

high affinity > effective at low conc
synergistic > combined effect
antagonistic> can oppose actions of other
competitive
permissive > presence required for others to work

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7
Q

classes of hormones

A

steroid
peptide
amino acid

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8
Q

steroid hormones

A

synthesised from cholesterol
small/ hydrophobic/ released immediately following synthesis/ circulate in bound form/ bind to hormone response elements to intiate gene txn/ slow, long-lasting effects

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9
Q

peptide hormones

A

synthesised from amino acids
3-332 amino acids long
synthesised by preprohormones
stored prior to release
act on cell surface receptors via 2nd messenger systems

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10
Q

amino acid hormones

A

synthesised from tyrosine
stored for instant release
different modes of action

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11
Q

2nd messengers

A

CAMP
Ca2+
cGMP
diacylglycerol
IP3

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12
Q

3rd messenger

A

protein kinase

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13
Q

hormone release mechanisms

A

continuous
pulsatile
circadian
exocytosis on stimuli

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14
Q

post-release modification examples

A

steroids > oestrogen from androgens
vitamin D
angiotensinogen&raquo_space; angiotensinogen II

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15
Q

epinephrine/ norepinephrine action

A

cause vasoconstriction/ vasodilation via B2 receptors mediating smooth muscle relaxation via cAMP pathway

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16
Q

Methods of controlling hormone effects

A

modification
degradation
receptor down-regulation
termination of intracellular effects
negative feedback

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17
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

site of interaction between endocrine and nervous systems, exerting control over endocrine glands

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neural origin
neurohypophis
axons/ nerve endings from neurones in hypothalamus

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

Rathke’s pouch
adenohypothesis
endocrine tissue

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20
Q

p pituitary hormones

A
  • produced in magnocellar neurones of hypothalamus and stores in pp
    ADH
    oxytocin
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21
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine smooth muscle contraction
breast myoepithelial contraction

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22
Q

ADH

A

kidney water retention

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23
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

released into portal circulation > act on pituitary
release hypophosiotrophic hormones
TRH/ GnRH/ CRH/ GHRH/ GH inhibiting/ dopamine

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24
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing
acts on thyrotrophs
stimulates TSH/ prolactin release

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25
GnRH
gonadotropin releasing acts on gonadotrophs stimulates FSH/ LH
26
CRH
corticotrophin acting on corticotrophs stimulates ACTH/ prolactin
27
GHRH
growth hormone releasing acting on somatotrophs stimulates GH release
28
GH inhibiting hormone
acts on somatotrophs inhibits GH/Gastrin/VIP/glucagon/insulin
29
dopamine
acts on lactotrophs inhibits prolactin release
30
a pituitary hormones
released into systemic circulation controlled by hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones TSH/FSH/LH/ACTH/GH/Prolactin
31
TSH
thyrotroph acting stimulates thyroid hormone release
32
FSH
gonadotroph acting sex steroid production stimulation
33
LH
gonadotroph acting sex steroid production stimulation
34
ACTH
corticotroph acting stimulates cortisol release
35
GH
somatotroph acting stimulates growth
36
prolactin
lactotroph acting stimulates milk production
37
growth hormone
somatotropin 191 amino acid peptide hormone somatotroph synthesised in a pituitary responds to GHRH from hypothalamus stimulates growth/ cell reproduction/ regeneration direct/ indirect via IGF1
38
IGF1
insulin-like growth factor
39
direct acute metabolic actions of GH
promotes glyconeogenesis decreased glucose metabolism/ cell uptake promotes IGF1 production
40
long term growth hormone via IGF-1
growth-promoting action on bone/ epiphyseal cartilage/ soft tissue/ gonads/ viscera promotes amino acid uptake/ protein synthesis insulin-like endocrine effect on tissues
41
thyroid gland regions affected
growth and development (foetal neural development/ bone growth) metabolic (^BMR) cardiovascular (^cardiac output) neurological (emotional tone, ^alertness/memory/reflexes/wakefulness)
42
thyroid major product
T4/ thyroxine
43
most physiologically active thyroid hormone
T3/ triiodothyronine
44
thyroid products
T3/ T4 calcitonin
45
calcitonin
Ca homeostasis
46
thyroid structure
2 lobes w interconnecting isthmus 2 pairs parathyroids on rear follicle functional units single cell layer surrounding colloid pool
47
colloid pool
production/ storage of hormones
48
calcitonin secreting cells
C cells
49
thyroid hormone production mechanism
at apical follicular membrane, Tyr residues in thyroglobulin iodinated in presence of thyroperoxidase T1/T2 precursors coupled under thyroperoxidase control
50
thyroglobulin
glycoprotein synthesised by follicular cells and released into follicular lumen via exocytosis
51
3 major thyroid transporting hormones
thyroxine-binding globulin thyroxine binding prealbumin albumin
52
thyroxine binding globulin
70% T3/T4
53
thyroxine-binding prealbumin
10-15% T4
54
albumin
15-20% circulating T3/T4 rapid dissociation makes major source of free hormone to tissues
55
thyroid hormone release mechanism
hypothalamus releases TRH on ap releases TSH to blood thyroid releases thyroid hormones negative feedback by T3/T4
56
TSH effect on thyroid
increases iodide uptake/ hyroglobulin synthesis/ iodination of thyroglobulin/ pinocytosis of colloid/ lysosomal activity/thyroid cell size
57
thyroid hormone metabolism
80% plasma T3 derived from peripheral metabolism of T4 > deiodination to produce active/ inactive T3
58
enzymes controlling local control of thyroid hormones
type 1 deiodinase > active/ inactive T3 " 2 active T3 " 3 inactive T3
59
T1/ T2 deiodinase action
act on outer ring of T4 active T3
60
T1/3 deiodinase action
act on inner ring of T4 inactive T3
61
4 thyroid hormone receptors
alpha 1/2 beta 1/2 TR a2 doesn't bind T3 rest have higher affinity for T3 than T4
62
T3/ T4 deiodinase action
heat production ^ MBR/lipolysis/cardiac output
63
kidney structure
cortex: zona glomerulosa (outer) zona fasiculata (middle) zona reticularis (inner) medulla
64
cortex percentage adrenal weight
80-90%
65
zona glomerulosa
outer 15% cortical volume produces aldosterone lacks 17 a-hydroxylase
66
zona fasiculata
middle large, lipid-containing cells 75% cortical volume produces cortisol/ androgens
67
zona reticularis
inner compact cells w less lipid 10% cortical volume produces cortisol androgens
68
medulla
10-12% adrenal weight epinephrine major product specialised sympathetic system
69
aldosterone
major mineralocorticoid 50-70% bound to albumin in plasma 15-20 min half-life primary action on kidney/ colon/ salivary glands maintain [Na+]/ extracellular fluid volume binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in principal cells upregulates/ activates Na+/K+ ATPase
70
fasiculata and reticularis enzyme absence and consequence
both lack CYP11B2 therefore no aldosterone produced
71
cortisol location half-life
>90% bound to plasma proteins in blood bind to receptor for gene transcription 60-90 min half-life
72
cortisol effects
stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis/ muscle catabolism inhibits glucose uptake in muscular and adipose tissue/ bone formation/ gonadal release of testosterone, oestrogen and progestins anti-inflammatory/ immunosuppression collagen/ connective tissue loss ^ vascular sensitivity to epinephrine/ norepinephrine modulate behaviour and cognitive function anti-inflammatory/ immunosuppression inhibits cytokine production/ prostaglandin and leukotriene production
73
testes function
spermatogenesis secretes large amount of androgens and small amounts of oestrogens
74
ovaries function
oogenesis secretes large amount of oestrogens/ progesterone and small amount of androgens
75
oogenesis
oocytes developed in developing ovary and arrest in prophase on meiosis 1, existing in primordial follicles
76
ovarian cycle
oocyte maturation and ovum release 28 day cycle in line w uterine as part of menstrual cycle
77
phases of ovarian cycle
follicular phase ovulation luteal phase
78
follicular phase
maturation of follicles several months 1. pre-antral phase 2. antral phase 3. pre-ovulatory phase
79
ovulation phase
inflammatory event eroding wall of ovary and follicle oocyte, sona pellucida and corona radiata required for capture by fimbriae and movement through oviduct
80
luteal phase
corpus luteum develops over 14 days in ovary granulosa cells fill w lipid progesterone ^ and oestrogen decreases due to LH surge
81
corpus luteum in event of no pregnancy
develops into corpus albicans oestrogen/ progesterone levels drop allows FSH/LH to surge
82
corpus luteum in event of pregnancy
placenta releases human chorionic gonadotrophin, enabling corpus luteum to persist
83
pre-antral phase
paracrine factors stimulate growth antimillerian hormone limits number developing at same time
84
antral phase
fluid-filled atria appear zona granulosa layers ^ thicker zona pellucida theca interna more apparent FSH aids growth dominant follicle selected and becomessignificant steroidogenic gland
85
theca
catalyze androgen production from cholesterol
86
granulosa
contain aromatase so convert androgen to oestrogen
87
pre-ovulatory phase
graafian follicle responds to LH surge by completing 1st meiotic division, arresting in meiosis II metaphase > haploid secondary oocyte and polar body ^FSH/LH / enzyme expression in granulosa cells promoting progesterone production theca/ granulosa release inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes
88
GnRH release
pulsatile high frequency > LH low frequency > FSH
89
FSH
stimulates recruitment and growth of immature follicles upregulates aromatase gene expression/ activity induces LH receptor expression in granulosa cells prevents apoptosis of antral follicles
90
LH
acts on theca cells in follicles, promotes androgen production surge triggers ovulation acts on granulosa cells to secrete progesterone maintains corpus luteum
91
oestrogens
prepares reproductive tract for potential fertilisation dominant hormone secreted pre-ovulation
92
progesterone
promotes uterine secretions for potential fertilisation/ implantation dominant post-ovulation
93
inhibin A/ B
secreted from granulosa cells, inhibits FSH secretion
94
insufficient growth hormone condition
hypo-pituitary dwarfism
95
excessive growth hormone in early life condition
pituitary gigantism
96
excessive GH secretion in adulthood condition
acromegaly enlarged jaw, hands and feet
97
hypothyroidism in children symptoms
decreased growth and mental capacity
98
hypothyroidism in adults symptoms
lethargy, bradychardia, weight gain, mental slowness, depression
99
hypothyroidism treatment
levothroxine/ T4
100
hyperthyroidism symptoms
weight loss tachycardia heat intolerance tremors
101
graves disease
cause of thyrotoxicosis autoimmune condition in which antibodies stimulate TSH receptor
102
symptoms of graves disease
eyelid retraction eye muscle swelling in orbit goitre
103
goitre
enlarged thyroid due to overstimulation
104
Addisons disease
adrenocorticoid insufficiency 80% autoimmune 20% result of infection, malignancy or medication
105
cortisol deficiency symptoms
weakness fatigue decreased appetite hypoglycemia
106
mineralocorticoid symptoms
dehydration hyponatraemia hyperkalemia acidosis hypotension
107
cushing's syndrome
chronic cortisol excess commonly iatrogenic/ resulting from pituitary/adrenal abnormality
108
Cushing's disease
pituitary tumour
109
cushings symptoms
weight gain hypertension osteoperosis thirst/ polyuria psychological disturbances epidermis atrophy

Cell biology semester 1 (6 decks)

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