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Cell biology semester 1 > endocrinology > Flashcards

endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

GAP junction method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

cell-cell
depends on location

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2
Q

synaptic method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

across synaptic cleft
location/ receptor dependent

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3
Q

para/auto crine method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

interstitial fluid
receptor dependent

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4
Q

endocrine method of communication/ specificity dependence

A

body fluid circulation
receptor dependent

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5
Q

non-classical endocrine tissues

A

heart
kidney
platelets
endothelium
WBC
adipocytes

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6
Q

hormone characteristics

A

high affinity > effective at low conc
synergistic > combined effect
antagonistic> can oppose actions of other
competitive
permissive > presence required for others to work

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7
Q

classes of hormones

A

steroid
peptide
amino acid

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8
Q

steroid hormones

A

synthesised from cholesterol
small/ hydrophobic/ released immediately following synthesis/ circulate in bound form/ bind to hormone response elements to intiate gene txn/ slow, long-lasting effects

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9
Q

peptide hormones

A

synthesised from amino acids
3-332 amino acids long
synthesised by preprohormones
stored prior to release
act on cell surface receptors via 2nd messenger systems

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10
Q

amino acid hormones

A

synthesised from tyrosine
stored for instant release
different modes of action

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11
Q

2nd messengers

A

CAMP
Ca2+
cGMP
diacylglycerol
IP3

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12
Q

3rd messenger

A

protein kinase

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13
Q

hormone release mechanisms

A

continuous
pulsatile
circadian
exocytosis on stimuli

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14
Q

post-release modification examples

A

steroids > oestrogen from androgens
vitamin D
angiotensinogen&raquo_space; angiotensinogen II

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15
Q

epinephrine/ norepinephrine action

A

cause vasoconstriction/ vasodilation via B2 receptors mediating smooth muscle relaxation via cAMP pathway

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16
Q

Methods of controlling hormone effects

A

modification
degradation
receptor down-regulation
termination of intracellular effects
negative feedback

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17
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

site of interaction between endocrine and nervous systems, exerting control over endocrine glands

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neural origin
neurohypophis
axons/ nerve endings from neurones in hypothalamus

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

Rathke’s pouch
adenohypothesis
endocrine tissue

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20
Q

p pituitary hormones

A
  • produced in magnocellar neurones of hypothalamus and stores in pp
    ADH
    oxytocin
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21
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine smooth muscle contraction
breast myoepithelial contraction

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22
Q

ADH

A

kidney water retention

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23
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

released into portal circulation > act on pituitary
release hypophosiotrophic hormones
TRH/ GnRH/ CRH/ GHRH/ GH inhibiting/ dopamine

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24
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing
acts on thyrotrophs
stimulates TSH/ prolactin release

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25
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing acts on gonadotrophs
stimulates FSH/ LH

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26
Q

CRH

A

corticotrophin acting on corticotrophs
stimulates ACTH/ prolactin

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27
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing acting on somatotrophs
stimulates GH release

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28
Q

GH inhibiting hormone

A

acts on somatotrophs
inhibits GH/Gastrin/VIP/glucagon/insulin

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29
Q

dopamine

A

acts on lactotrophs
inhibits prolactin release

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30
Q

a pituitary hormones

A

released into systemic circulation
controlled by hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones
TSH/FSH/LH/ACTH/GH/Prolactin

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31
Q

TSH

A

thyrotroph acting
stimulates thyroid hormone release

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32
Q

FSH

A

gonadotroph acting
sex steroid production stimulation

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33
Q

LH

A

gonadotroph acting
sex steroid production stimulation

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34
Q

ACTH

A

corticotroph acting
stimulates cortisol release

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35
Q

GH

A

somatotroph acting
stimulates growth

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36
Q

prolactin

A

lactotroph acting
stimulates milk production

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37
Q

growth hormone

A

somatotropin
191 amino acid peptide hormone
somatotroph synthesised in a pituitary
responds to GHRH from hypothalamus
stimulates growth/ cell reproduction/ regeneration
direct/ indirect via IGF1

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38
Q

IGF1

A

insulin-like growth factor

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39
Q

direct acute metabolic actions of GH

A

promotes glyconeogenesis
decreased glucose metabolism/ cell uptake
promotes IGF1 production

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40
Q

long term growth hormone via IGF-1

A

growth-promoting action on bone/ epiphyseal cartilage/ soft tissue/ gonads/ viscera
promotes amino acid uptake/ protein synthesis
insulin-like endocrine effect on tissues

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41
Q

thyroid gland regions affected

A

growth and development (foetal neural development/ bone growth)
metabolic (^BMR)
cardiovascular (^cardiac output)
neurological (emotional tone, ^alertness/memory/reflexes/wakefulness)

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42
Q

thyroid major product

A

T4/ thyroxine

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43
Q

most physiologically active thyroid hormone

A

T3/ triiodothyronine

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44
Q

thyroid products

A

T3/ T4
calcitonin

45
Q

calcitonin

A

Ca homeostasis

46
Q

thyroid structure

A

2 lobes w interconnecting isthmus
2 pairs parathyroids on rear
follicle functional units
single cell layer surrounding colloid pool

47
Q

colloid pool

A

production/ storage of hormones

48
Q

calcitonin secreting cells

A

C cells

49
Q

thyroid hormone production mechanism

A

at apical follicular membrane, Tyr residues in thyroglobulin iodinated in presence of thyroperoxidase
T1/T2 precursors coupled under thyroperoxidase control

50
Q

thyroglobulin

A

glycoprotein synthesised by follicular cells and released into follicular lumen via exocytosis

51
Q

3 major thyroid transporting hormones

A

thyroxine-binding globulin
thyroxine binding prealbumin
albumin

52
Q

thyroxine binding globulin

A

70% T3/T4

53
Q

thyroxine-binding prealbumin

A

10-15% T4

54
Q

albumin

A

15-20% circulating T3/T4
rapid dissociation makes major source of free hormone to tissues

55
Q

thyroid hormone release mechanism

A

hypothalamus releases TRH on ap
releases TSH to blood
thyroid releases thyroid hormones
negative feedback by T3/T4

56
Q

TSH effect on thyroid

A

increases iodide uptake/ hyroglobulin synthesis/ iodination of thyroglobulin/ pinocytosis of colloid/ lysosomal activity/thyroid cell size

57
Q

thyroid hormone metabolism

A

80% plasma T3 derived from peripheral metabolism of T4 > deiodination to produce active/ inactive T3

58
Q

enzymes controlling local control of thyroid hormones

A

type 1 deiodinase > active/ inactive T3
“ 2 active T3
“ 3 inactive T3

59
Q

T1/ T2 deiodinase action

A

act on outer ring of T4
active T3

60
Q

T1/3 deiodinase action

A

act on inner ring of T4
inactive T3

61
Q

4 thyroid hormone receptors

A

alpha 1/2
beta 1/2
TR a2 doesn’t bind T3
rest have higher affinity for T3 than T4

62
Q

T3/ T4 deiodinase action

A

heat production
^ MBR/lipolysis/cardiac output

63
Q

kidney structure

A

cortex:
zona glomerulosa (outer)
zona fasiculata (middle)
zona reticularis (inner)
medulla

64
Q

cortex percentage adrenal weight

A

80-90%

65
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

outer
15% cortical volume
produces aldosterone
lacks 17 a-hydroxylase

66
Q

zona fasiculata

A

middle
large, lipid-containing cells
75% cortical volume
produces cortisol/ androgens

67
Q

zona reticularis

A

inner
compact cells w less lipid
10% cortical volume
produces cortisol androgens

68
Q

medulla

A

10-12% adrenal weight
epinephrine major product
specialised
sympathetic system

69
Q

aldosterone

A

major mineralocorticoid
50-70% bound to albumin in plasma
15-20 min half-life
primary action on kidney/ colon/ salivary glands
maintain [Na+]/ extracellular fluid volume
binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in principal cells
upregulates/ activates Na+/K+ ATPase

70
Q

fasiculata and reticularis enzyme absence and consequence

A

both lack CYP11B2
therefore no aldosterone produced

71
Q

cortisol location
half-life

A

> 90% bound to plasma proteins in blood
bind to receptor for gene transcription
60-90 min half-life

72
Q

cortisol effects

A

stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis/ muscle catabolism
inhibits glucose uptake in muscular and adipose tissue/ bone formation/ gonadal release of testosterone, oestrogen and progestins
anti-inflammatory/ immunosuppression
collagen/ connective tissue loss
^ vascular sensitivity to epinephrine/ norepinephrine
modulate behaviour and cognitive function
anti-inflammatory/ immunosuppression
inhibits cytokine production/ prostaglandin and leukotriene production

73
Q

testes function

A

spermatogenesis
secretes large amount of androgens and small amounts of oestrogens

74
Q

ovaries function

A

oogenesis
secretes large amount of oestrogens/ progesterone and small amount of androgens

75
Q

oogenesis

A

oocytes developed in developing ovary and arrest in prophase on meiosis 1, existing in primordial follicles

76
Q

ovarian cycle

A

oocyte maturation and ovum release
28 day cycle in line w uterine as part of menstrual cycle

77
Q

phases of ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

78
Q

follicular phase

A

maturation of follicles
several months
1. pre-antral phase
2. antral phase
3. pre-ovulatory phase

79
Q

ovulation phase

A

inflammatory event
eroding wall of ovary and follicle
oocyte, sona pellucida and corona radiata required for capture by fimbriae and movement through oviduct

80
Q

luteal phase

A

corpus luteum develops over 14 days in ovary
granulosa cells fill w lipid
progesterone ^ and oestrogen decreases due to LH surge

81
Q

corpus luteum in event of no pregnancy

A

develops into corpus albicans
oestrogen/ progesterone levels drop
allows FSH/LH to surge

82
Q

corpus luteum in event of pregnancy

A

placenta releases human chorionic gonadotrophin, enabling corpus luteum to persist

83
Q

pre-antral phase

A

paracrine factors stimulate growth
antimillerian hormone limits number developing at same time

84
Q

antral phase

A

fluid-filled atria appear
zona granulosa layers ^
thicker zona pellucida
theca interna more apparent
FSH aids growth
dominant follicle selected and becomessignificant steroidogenic gland

85
Q

theca

A

catalyze androgen production from cholesterol

86
Q

granulosa

A

contain aromatase so convert androgen to oestrogen

87
Q

pre-ovulatory phase

A

graafian follicle responds to LH surge by completing 1st meiotic division, arresting in meiosis II metaphase > haploid secondary oocyte and polar body
^FSH/LH / enzyme expression in granulosa cells promoting progesterone production
theca/ granulosa release inflammatory cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes

88
Q

GnRH release

A

pulsatile
high frequency > LH
low frequency > FSH

89
Q

FSH

A

stimulates recruitment and growth of immature follicles
upregulates aromatase gene expression/ activity
induces LH receptor expression in granulosa cells
prevents apoptosis of antral follicles

90
Q

LH

A

acts on theca cells in follicles, promotes androgen production
surge triggers ovulation
acts on granulosa cells to secrete progesterone
maintains corpus luteum

91
Q

oestrogens

A

prepares reproductive tract for potential fertilisation
dominant hormone secreted pre-ovulation

92
Q

progesterone

A

promotes uterine secretions for potential fertilisation/ implantation
dominant post-ovulation

93
Q

inhibin A/ B

A

secreted from granulosa cells, inhibits FSH secretion

94
Q

insufficient growth hormone condition

A

hypo-pituitary dwarfism

95
Q

excessive growth hormone in early life condition

A

pituitary gigantism

96
Q

excessive GH secretion in adulthood condition

A

acromegaly
enlarged jaw, hands and feet

97
Q

hypothyroidism in children symptoms

A

decreased growth and mental capacity

98
Q

hypothyroidism in adults symptoms

A

lethargy, bradychardia, weight gain, mental slowness, depression

99
Q

hypothyroidism treatment

A

levothroxine/ T4

100
Q

hyperthyroidism symptoms

A

weight loss
tachycardia
heat intolerance
tremors

101
Q

graves disease

A

cause of thyrotoxicosis
autoimmune condition in which antibodies stimulate TSH receptor

102
Q

symptoms of graves disease

A

eyelid retraction
eye muscle swelling in orbit
goitre

103
Q

goitre

A

enlarged thyroid due to overstimulation

104
Q

Addisons disease

A

adrenocorticoid insufficiency
80% autoimmune
20% result of infection, malignancy or medication

105
Q

cortisol deficiency symptoms

A

weakness
fatigue
decreased appetite
hypoglycemia

106
Q

mineralocorticoid symptoms

A

dehydration
hyponatraemia
hyperkalemia
acidosis
hypotension

107
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

chronic cortisol excess
commonly iatrogenic/ resulting from pituitary/adrenal abnormality

108
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

pituitary tumour

109
Q

cushings symptoms

A

weight gain
hypertension
osteoperosis
thirst/ polyuria
psychological disturbances
epidermis atrophy

Cell biology semester 1 (6 decks)

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