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Clinical Chemistry > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Central or cranial diabetes insipidus; may be due to neoplastic diseases or neurological surgery or head trauma which leads to deficient ADH production in the hypothalamus, leading to polyuria

A

Hypothalamic DI

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2
Q

ADH is incapable of stimulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation leading to polyuria

A

Nephrogenic DI

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3
Q

Condition where the thirst center is affected (excessive thirst leads to excessive water intake, leading to polyuria)

A

Psychogenic or primary polydipsia

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4
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; tissue thickening and spade-like hands

A

Acromegaly

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5
Q

Elevated plasma testosterone in women (excessive hairiness)

A

Hirsutism

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6
Q

Hyposecretion of adrenal hormones, glucocorticoids and aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease

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7
Q

Dwarfism characterized by retarded growth of long bones by ossification (short limbs and small face)

A

Achondroplasia

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8
Q

Tallest among the types of dwarfism

A

Hypochondroplasia

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9
Q

Limb shortening but the skull is normal-sized; dwarfism characterized with hitchhiker’s thumb and spinal deformities

A

Diastrophic dysplasia

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10
Q

Congenital dwarfism (rare genetic disorder); deformities that begin before birth

A

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia

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11
Q

Condition characterized by hypersecretion of ACTH, leading to adrenal hyperplasia (obesity)

A

Cushing’s disease

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12
Q

Autonomous, sustained production of AVP in the absence of known stimuli for its release; seen in malignancies of CNS diseases or pulmonary disorder

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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13
Q

Testing suspected hypopituitarism by the ability of the anterior pituitary gland to produced ACTH and GH

A

Insulin stress test

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14
Q

Stimulating or suppressing a particular hormonal axis, and observing the appropriate hormonal response

A

Dynamic function test

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15
Q

Pituitary response to TRH when the patient has hyperthyroidism

A

Flat

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16
Q

Pituitary response to TRH when the patient has hypothyroidism

A

Exaggerated

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17
Q

The manner by which all the anterior pituitary hormones are being secreted

A

Pulsatility

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18
Q

The nervous system regulates this function through signals such as light and dark or the ration of daylight to darkness

A

Cyclicity

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19
Q

Mechanism performed by the hypothalamus in working with the anterior pituitary and thyroid gland

A

Open-loop feedback

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20
Q

Corticotropic agents used in ACTH stimulation test

A

Cosyntropin and tetracosactide

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21
Q

ACTH stimulation test: low cortisol and aldosterone production

A

Cause is adrenal

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22
Q

ACTH stimulation test: low ACTH production

A

Cause is pituitary

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23
Q

Primary glucocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal gland

A

Cortisol

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24
Q

Decline of this hormone produced by the corpus luteum causes the shedding of the endometrial lining

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

Hormone responsible growth and maturity of ovarian follicles, spermatogenesis, and promotes endometrial changes

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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26
Q

Hormone responsible for ovulation and secretion of androgens and progesterone, initiates secretory phase of menstruation

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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27
Q

Hormone that readies the endometrium for embryo implantation

A

Progesterone

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28
Q

Pancreatic tissues that secrete digestive juices into the intestines

A

Acini (grape-like clusters)

29
Q

Hormones act on the neighboring cells

A

Paracrine

30
Q

Thyroid hormone is made primarily by trace element, ____.

A

Iodine

31
Q

What is the recommended minimum daily intake of iodine?

A

150 ug

32
Q

The activity of iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase is ____ when levels of circulating T4 are high.

A

Decreased

33
Q

Approximately ___% of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer will have antithyroglobulin antibodies.

A

25

34
Q

What can be defined as a constellation of findings that results when peripheral tissues are presented with, and respond to, an excess of thyroid hormone?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Women are 5 times more likely than men to develop Grave’s disease.

A

True

36
Q

After crossing the medulla, the right adrenal vein drains into the ____, and the left adrenal vein drains into the ____.

A

Inferior vena cava; left renal vein

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Glucocorticoids from the cortex are carried directly to the adrenal medulla via the portal system.

A

True

38
Q

Progesterone & dopamine ____ aldosterone secretion.

A

Inhibit

39
Q

ANP, intracellular calcium, & certain drugs are aldosterone ____.

A

Suppressors

40
Q

ACTH is secreted in a ____ fashion by the pituitary gland and regulates cortisol production.

A

Pulsatile

41
Q

ACTH and cortisol levels are highest in the ____ and lowest at ____.

A

Early morning (8 am); night (10-12 am)

42
Q

____ accounts for 70% of the cases of primary adrenal insufficiency.

A

Autoimmune adrenalitis

43
Q

____ is the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency.

A

Glucocorticoid therapy

44
Q

____ is a synthetic stimulator of cortisol and aldosterone secretion, which tests the capacity of the adrenal gland to increase hormone production in response to stimulation.

A

Cosyntropin

45
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Most patients with ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome have pituitary adenomas or hyperplasia.

A

False

ACTH-dependent

46
Q

____ acts as an exogenous cortisol substitute, suppressing ACTH if the pituitary gland is normal, and cortisol secretion if the adrenal gland is normal.

A

Dexamethosone

47
Q

Androgens are produced as by-products of ____ synthesis that are regulated by ACTH.

A

Cortisol

48
Q

High ____ & ____ strongly suggests adrenal hyperandrogenism.

A

DHEA; DHEAS

49
Q

Testosterone and ____ are the 2 hormones secreted by the testes that provide feedback control to the hypothalamus and pituitary.

A

Inhibin

50
Q

Highest level of testosterone is found at about ___ am and the lowest at ___ am.

A

6; 12

51
Q

Sertoli cells produce ____, which aids in regression of the female primordial genital tract.

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

52
Q

Stimulation of ____ induces production of testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

53
Q

Fetal pituitary FSH and LH peak near ____ and fall into low concentrations at ____.

A

Mid-gestation; birth

54
Q

In girls with delayed puberty, sex steroids and gonadotropins are ____.

A

Low

55
Q

All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in a ____ fashion.

A

Pulsatile

56
Q

TRH stimulates the release of both TSH and ____.

A

Prolactin

57
Q

Somatostatin inhibits ____ & ____ release from the pituitary.

A

GH; TSH

58
Q

WHO defined ____ as tumors that have an MIB-1 proliferative index greater than 3%, excessive pf5 immunoreactivity, and increased mitotic activity.

A

Atypical pituitary tumors

59
Q

____ is a monoclonal antibody that is used to detect the Ki-67 antigen, a marker for cell proliferation.

A

MIB-1

60
Q

P53 tumor suppressor gene was shown to upregulate active ____ secretion, which inhibits IFG-1 signaled mutagenesis, and thus, inhibits neoplastic cell proliferation.

A

IGFBP-3

61
Q

____ is the only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits prolactin and is now considered to be the elusive prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF).

A

Dopamine

62
Q

TRH directly ____ prolactin secretion.

A

Stimulates

63
Q

____ directly stimulates lactotrophs to synthesize prolactin.

A

Estrogen

64
Q

What is prolactin’s major mode of hypothalamic regulation?

A

Tonic inhibition

65
Q

Digestive fluid is produced by ____, which line the pancreas and are connected by small ducts.

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

66
Q

Most of the pancreatic action is under the hormonal control of ____ & ____.

A

Secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK)

67
Q

___% of T4 is unbound.

A

0.03-0.05

68
Q

___% of T3 is free.

A

0.5%

69
Q

TRUE or FALSE: T4 is more potent than T3.

A

False

T3 is more potent.

Clinical Chemistry (8 decks)

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