Endocrinology Flashcards
Central or cranial diabetes insipidus; may be due to neoplastic diseases or neurological surgery or head trauma which leads to deficient ADH production in the hypothalamus, leading to polyuria
Hypothalamic DI
ADH is incapable of stimulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation leading to polyuria
Nephrogenic DI
Condition where the thirst center is affected (excessive thirst leads to excessive water intake, leading to polyuria)
Psychogenic or primary polydipsia
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; tissue thickening and spade-like hands
Acromegaly
Elevated plasma testosterone in women (excessive hairiness)
Hirsutism
Hyposecretion of adrenal hormones, glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Addison’s disease
Dwarfism characterized by retarded growth of long bones by ossification (short limbs and small face)
Achondroplasia
Tallest among the types of dwarfism
Hypochondroplasia
Limb shortening but the skull is normal-sized; dwarfism characterized with hitchhiker’s thumb and spinal deformities
Diastrophic dysplasia
Congenital dwarfism (rare genetic disorder); deformities that begin before birth
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
Condition characterized by hypersecretion of ACTH, leading to adrenal hyperplasia (obesity)
Cushing’s disease
Autonomous, sustained production of AVP in the absence of known stimuli for its release; seen in malignancies of CNS diseases or pulmonary disorder
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)
Testing suspected hypopituitarism by the ability of the anterior pituitary gland to produced ACTH and GH
Insulin stress test
Stimulating or suppressing a particular hormonal axis, and observing the appropriate hormonal response
Dynamic function test
Pituitary response to TRH when the patient has hyperthyroidism
Flat
Pituitary response to TRH when the patient has hypothyroidism
Exaggerated
The manner by which all the anterior pituitary hormones are being secreted
Pulsatility
The nervous system regulates this function through signals such as light and dark or the ration of daylight to darkness
Cyclicity
Mechanism performed by the hypothalamus in working with the anterior pituitary and thyroid gland
Open-loop feedback
Corticotropic agents used in ACTH stimulation test
Cosyntropin and tetracosactide
ACTH stimulation test: low cortisol and aldosterone production
Cause is adrenal
ACTH stimulation test: low ACTH production
Cause is pituitary
Primary glucocorticoid synthesized by the adrenal gland
Cortisol
Decline of this hormone produced by the corpus luteum causes the shedding of the endometrial lining
Progesterone
Hormone responsible growth and maturity of ovarian follicles, spermatogenesis, and promotes endometrial changes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone responsible for ovulation and secretion of androgens and progesterone, initiates secretory phase of menstruation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone that readies the endometrium for embryo implantation
Progesterone
Pancreatic tissues that secrete digestive juices into the intestines
Acini (grape-like clusters)
Hormones act on the neighboring cells
Paracrine
Thyroid hormone is made primarily by trace element, ____.
Iodine
What is the recommended minimum daily intake of iodine?
150 ug
The activity of iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase is ____ when levels of circulating T4 are high.
Decreased
Approximately ___% of patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer will have antithyroglobulin antibodies.
25
What can be defined as a constellation of findings that results when peripheral tissues are presented with, and respond to, an excess of thyroid hormone?
Thyrotoxicosis
TRUE or FALSE: Women are 5 times more likely than men to develop Grave’s disease.
True
After crossing the medulla, the right adrenal vein drains into the ____, and the left adrenal vein drains into the ____.
Inferior vena cava; left renal vein
TRUE or FALSE: Glucocorticoids from the cortex are carried directly to the adrenal medulla via the portal system.
True
Progesterone & dopamine ____ aldosterone secretion.
Inhibit
ANP, intracellular calcium, & certain drugs are aldosterone ____.
Suppressors
ACTH is secreted in a ____ fashion by the pituitary gland and regulates cortisol production.
Pulsatile
ACTH and cortisol levels are highest in the ____ and lowest at ____.
Early morning (8 am); night (10-12 am)
____ accounts for 70% of the cases of primary adrenal insufficiency.
Autoimmune adrenalitis
____ is the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency.
Glucocorticoid therapy
____ is a synthetic stimulator of cortisol and aldosterone secretion, which tests the capacity of the adrenal gland to increase hormone production in response to stimulation.
Cosyntropin
TRUE or FALSE: Most patients with ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome have pituitary adenomas or hyperplasia.
False
ACTH-dependent
____ acts as an exogenous cortisol substitute, suppressing ACTH if the pituitary gland is normal, and cortisol secretion if the adrenal gland is normal.
Dexamethosone
Androgens are produced as by-products of ____ synthesis that are regulated by ACTH.
Cortisol
High ____ & ____ strongly suggests adrenal hyperandrogenism.
DHEA; DHEAS
Testosterone and ____ are the 2 hormones secreted by the testes that provide feedback control to the hypothalamus and pituitary.
Inhibin
Highest level of testosterone is found at about ___ am and the lowest at ___ am.
6; 12
Sertoli cells produce ____, which aids in regression of the female primordial genital tract.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
Stimulation of ____ induces production of testosterone.
Leydig cells
Fetal pituitary FSH and LH peak near ____ and fall into low concentrations at ____.
Mid-gestation; birth
In girls with delayed puberty, sex steroids and gonadotropins are ____.
Low
All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in a ____ fashion.
Pulsatile
TRH stimulates the release of both TSH and ____.
Prolactin
Somatostatin inhibits ____ & ____ release from the pituitary.
GH; TSH
WHO defined ____ as tumors that have an MIB-1 proliferative index greater than 3%, excessive pf5 immunoreactivity, and increased mitotic activity.
Atypical pituitary tumors
____ is a monoclonal antibody that is used to detect the Ki-67 antigen, a marker for cell proliferation.
MIB-1
P53 tumor suppressor gene was shown to upregulate active ____ secretion, which inhibits IFG-1 signaled mutagenesis, and thus, inhibits neoplastic cell proliferation.
IGFBP-3
____ is the only neuroendocrine signal that inhibits prolactin and is now considered to be the elusive prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF).
Dopamine
TRH directly ____ prolactin secretion.
Stimulates
____ directly stimulates lactotrophs to synthesize prolactin.
Estrogen
What is prolactin’s major mode of hypothalamic regulation?
Tonic inhibition
Digestive fluid is produced by ____, which line the pancreas and are connected by small ducts.
Pancreatic acinar cells
Most of the pancreatic action is under the hormonal control of ____ & ____.
Secretin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
___% of T4 is unbound.
0.03-0.05
___% of T3 is free.
0.5%
TRUE or FALSE: T4 is more potent than T3.
False
T3 is more potent.
