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Clinical Chemistry > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What electrolyte/s is/are important in the maintenance of myocardial rhythm and muscle contractility?

A

K, Mg, Ca

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2
Q

What electrolyte/s is/are important in volume and osmotic regulation?

A

Na

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Sodium can act as a activator

A

False

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4
Q

Decreased blood volume (dehydration), ____ blood osmolality, ____ ADH (water retention by the kidneys)

A

Increased, increased

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5
Q

RAAS: angiotensin II causes ____, which ____ blood pressure and secretion of aldosterone, which increases retention of ____.

A

Vasoconstriction; increases; Na

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6
Q

Urine osmolality is ____ in diabetes insipidus.

A

Decreased

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7
Q

Primary mechanism for cells to maintain water balance between themselves and their surrounding environment

A

Na-K-ATPase pump

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Iron overload is observed in patients with hemolytic anemia.

A

True

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9
Q

Reagent used in the Schales and Schales chloride determination

A

Mercuric nitrate

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10
Q

Intracellular fluid accounts for about ___ of total body water.

A

2/3

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11
Q

A 1-2% increase in osmolality causes a fourfold ____ in the circulating concentration of AVP.

A

Increase

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12
Q

AVP acts by increasing the reabsorption of water in the ____ and ____.

A

Cortical and medullary collecting tubes

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13
Q

Renin is secreted near the renal glomeruli in response to ____ renal blood flow.

A

Decreased

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14
Q

2 most frequently used methods for osmolality determination

A

Freezing point depression and vapor pressure decrease

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15
Q

Operate by freezing point depression and are standardized using sodium chloride reference solutions

A

Osmometer

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16
Q

Difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality

A

Osmolal gap

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17
Q

Na-K-ATPase pump moves ___ Na+ ions out of the cell in exchange for ___ 2 K+ ions into the cell as ATP is converted to ___.

A

3; 2; ADP

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18
Q

3 processes most important in Na+ regulation:

A

Intake of water in response to thirst
Excretion of water (largely affected by AVP release)
Blood volume status (affects Na+ excretion through aldosterone, angiotensin II and ANP)

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19
Q

__% to __% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

A

60; 75

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20
Q

Electroneutrality is maintained by either ___ reabsorption or H+ secretion.

A

Cl-

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21
Q

Treatment for hyponatremia

A

Fluid restriction and provision of hypertonic saline

AVP receptor antagonist, Conivaptan

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22
Q

A reset osmostat may occur in ____, in which excess aldosterone induces mild hypervolemia that retards AVP release, shifting plasma Na+ upward.

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Serum, plasma, and urine are all acceptable for Na+ measurements.

A

True

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24
Q

An ___ plasma K+ decreases the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the cell.

A

Elevated

25
Q

Hypokalemia: ____ cell excitability by increasing RMP

A

Decreases

26
Q

Under the influence of ____, additional K+ is secreted into the urine in exchange for Na+ in both the distal tubules and the collecting ducts.

A

Aldosterone

27
Q

Principal determinant of urinary K+ excretion

A

Distal nephron

28
Q

3 factors that influence the distribution of K+ between the cells and ECF:

A

K+ loss frequently occurs whenever the Na-K-ATPase pump is inhibited by conditions such as hypoxia, hypomagnesemia, or digoxin overdose
Insulin promotes acute entry of K+ into the skeletal muscle and liver
Catecholamines promote cellular entry of K+, while propanolol impairs cellular entry of K+

29
Q

Alkalemia and insulin ____ the cellular uptake of K+

A

Increase

30
Q

In DM, insulin deficiency promotes cellular ____ of K+

A

Loss

31
Q

Treatment should be immediately initiated when serum K+ is ____ or greater.

A

6 - 6.5 mmol/L

32
Q

Provides immediate but short-lived protection to the myocardium against the effects of hyperkalemia

A

Ca+

33
Q

Whole blood samples for K+ determinations should be stored at:

A

Room temperature

34
Q

Anticoagulant of choice for K+

A

Heparin

35
Q

2 ways Cl- maintains electrical neutrality

A

Reabsorption with Na+ at the proximal convoluted tubules (Na+ reabsorption is limited by the amount of Cl- available)
Chloride shift

36
Q

Cl- determination: amperometric-coulometric titration using ___ ions which combine with Cl- to quantitate Cl- concentration

A

Silver

37
Q

Most of the HCO3 in the kidneys is reabsorbed by the proximal tubules, with ___% being reabsorbed by the distal tubules.

A

15

38
Q

Anticoagulant preferred for Cl- and CO2 determination

A

Lithium heparin

39
Q

4th most abundant cation in the body and 2nd most abundant intracellular ion

A

Magnesium

40
Q

Approximately 53% of Mg+ found in the body is found in ____.

A

Bone

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE: About 2/3 of Mg+ in the serum is bound to albumin.

A

False

*1/3

42
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Free Mg+ is the physiologically active form in the body.

A

True

43
Q

Organ in charge of overall regulation of body Mg+

A

Kidneys

44
Q

Major renal regulatory site of Mg+

A

Ascending loop of Henle

45
Q

Normally, about ___% of filtered Mg+ is excreted in the urine per day.

A

6

46
Q

What hormone increases the renal reabsorption of Mg+ and enhances the absorption of Mg+ in the intestine?

A

Parathyroid hormone

47
Q

What is the normal plasma osmolality?

A

275-295 mOs/kg of plasma H2O

48
Q

Sodium and its associated anions account for approximately ___% of the osmotic activity in plasma.

A

90

49
Q

ISE with ____ membrane is the routine method for Potassium determination.

A

Valinomycin

50
Q

Cl- and Na+ are passively reabsorbed by the ____.

A

PCT

51
Q

The Schales & Schales method of Cl determination uses the principle of ____.

A

Mercurimetric titration

52
Q

This method for Cl- determination uses mercuric thiocyanate and has a reddish end-product.

A

Whitehorn titration method

53
Q

Bicarbonate accounts for more than ___% of total CO2 at physiologic pH.

A

90

54
Q

Overall regulation of Mg+ is controlled largely by the ____.

A

Kidneys

55
Q

What are the 3 colorimetric methods of Mg+?

A

Calmagite method
Formazen dye method
Methylthymol method
Titan yellow dye method

56
Q

What is the reference method for Mg+ & Ca+?

A

AAS

57
Q

What are the 2 colorimetric methods of Ca+?

A

Ortho-cresolphthalein complexone (CPC)

Arsenazo III dye

58
Q

What are the 2 precipitation & redox titration methods of Ca+?

A

Clarke-Collip precipitation

Ferro Ham Chloroanilic precipitation

59
Q

What is the method used and its end-product of PO4- determination?

A

Fiske-Subbarow; ammonium phosphomolybdate complex/molybdenum blue

Clinical Chemistry (8 decks)

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