Endocrine System & Common System Disorders Flashcards
adrenal cortex
Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
adrenal medulla
Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
ovaries
Located in the lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion
pancreas
Located behind the stomach
parathyroid glands
Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Located at the base of brain in the sella turcica
testes
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion
thyroid gland
Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
adrenaline (epinephrine)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex
aldosterone
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption
androgen
Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney
calcitonin
Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels
cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
estradiol
Estrogen secreted by the ovaries
estrogen
Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes
glucagons
Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues
insulin
Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
norepinephrine
Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure
oxytocin (OT)
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth
parathormone (PTH)
Secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium
progesterone
Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy
prolactin (PRL)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion
somatotropin (STH)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone
testosterone
Male hormone secreted by the testes
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function
thyroxine (T4)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism
triiodothyronine (T3)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism
vasopressin
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure
catecholamines
Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla
corticosteroids
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
electrolyte
Mineral salt found in blood and tissues
glucocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
homeostasis
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
hormone
Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland
hypothalamus
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland
mineralocorticoid
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body
receptor
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
sella turcica
Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland
sex hormones
Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics
steroid
Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made
sympatho-mimetic
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
target tissue
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
What is anorexia?
Lack of appetite.
What does glycosuria/glucosuria indicate?
Glucose in urine; may indicate diabetes mellitus.
What is hyperalimentation?
Excessive intake of food; overeating.
What is hyperglycemia?
Excessive glucose in the blood.
What does ketonuria indicate?
Ketones in urine; may indicate diabetes mellitus or malnutrition.
What is paresthesia?
Abnormal sensation (e.g., prickling).
What is polydipsia?
Excessive thirst.
What is polyphagia?
Excessive appetite.
What is polyuria?
Excessive urination.
What is prediabetes?
Blood glucose is higher than normal but not enough to indicate diabetes.
What is tetany?
Continuous muscle spasms.
Diabetes Insipidus
Imbalance of fluid in the body resulting in uncontrollable thirst, and producing a large amount of urine
Addison’s Disease
also called adrenal insufficiency, an uncommon disorder that occurs when your body doesn’t produce enough of certain hormones.
Adrenal glands, produce too little cortisol and, often, too little aldosterone
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Hereditary Genetic disorder. Lungs and digestive system clogged with mucus. The diagnosis is based on sweat test results and/or genetic testing. CANNOT BE CURED
Cushing’s Syndrome
Too much cortisol in the body. Can result from over medication (corticolsteroid) or over production of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the body
- pituitary adenoma
- ACTH-secreting tumor
- Primary adrenal gland disease
- Familial Cushing syndrome (Rare)
Grave’s Disease
Immune system disorder resulting in the overproduction of thyroid hormone. This causes swelling of thyroid gland, puffy eyes and rapid heartbeat
Pheochromocytoma
A rare, usually noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland. The tumor releases hormones that can cause high blood pressure, headache, sweating & panic attack symptoms
Goiter
An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that causes coughing, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing
Hyperthyroidism
overproduction of thyroid hormone aka thyrotoxicosis. Could result in a thyroid store fatal cardiac, hepatic, or renal consequences
Hypothyroidism
A condition in which your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of certain crucial hormones. Also known as an underactive thyroid
Myxedema coma
Myxedema coma is a rare fatal condition resulting from long-standing hypothyroidism with loss of the adaptive mechanism to maintain homeostasis
