Endocrine System Flashcards
Where are the chemical messages sent in the endocrine system?
Target cells
Where does ACE in the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone system of blood pressure regulation predominantly come from?
The lungs. It’s made by many organ tissues however.
What do chemical messengers in the endocrine system control?
Activities of cells
What makes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?
The adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)
What is the function of glucagon?
It’s hyperglycemic
The effects of the endocrine system are generally ______________
Slower and longer lasting
Which gland secretes epinephrine?
Adrenal medula
What are the sections of the Hypophysis? What are their relative locations?
The adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
If blood pressure is too high, what hormone is likely to be released?
ANP
Aldosterone
Increases Blood Volume
Increases Blood Pressure
Increases blood concentration of Na+
Secreted by Adrenal Cortex
Which gland secretes Adrenocorticotropic Releasing Hormone?
The adenohypophysis
What is the chemical messenger of the nervous system?
Neurotransmitters
What is the main organ of the endocrine system?
The Hypothalamus
What function does the neurohypophysis serve? Is it an endocrine gland?
The neurohypophysis is not a true endocrine gland, because it does not make any hormones. However, it stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.
Which gland secretes TRH (Thyroid Releasing Hormone)?
The hypothalamus
What is an example of a hormone antagonistic to Calcitonin?
PTH
______________= the site of spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules
What systems is the hypothalamus part of?
The nervous system and endocrine system, which is why it’s said to be a Neuroendocrine organ
Where is the plasma protein Angiotensinogen made? What’s it’s role in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system of blood pressure regulation?
It’s made in the liver, and renin catalyzes the reaction to transform it into Angiotensin I
Which gland secretes mineralocorticoids?
Zona Glomerulosa of the Adrenal Cortex
What’s an example of a glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
What does Parathyroid Hormone do?
PTH increases the concentration of Ca++ in the blood
Which gland secretes PTH? What does it stand for?
Parathyroid hormone is made by the parathyroid glands
What does FSH do in females?
Follicle stimulating hormone in females is a responsible for the maturation of follicles.
What are two other names for ovarian follicles?
Graafian follicle, vesicular follicle
Growth hormone, or ____________, is made by _____________
Somatotropin; adenohypophysis
What does Angiotensin II do?
It constricts blood vessels and stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone to raise blood pressure
True or false: the Zona Reticularis makes Gonadotropic hormones
False. The Zona Reticularis does secretes gonadocorticoids, NOT gonadotropic releasing hormones (secreted by the hypothalamus)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP or ANH)
Reduces Blood volume and blood pressure; decreases blood concentration of Na+
Secreted by heart
What are two examples of hormones made in the hypothalamus, but stored and released by the neurohypophysis?
Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)
What do the hormones Triiodothyronine and Tetraiodothyronine do?
T3 and T4 speed up metabolism
The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is the response of what kind of stimuli?
Neural stimuli
In males, Leydig cells, also known as 1)______________, are located in between 2)_______________ (the site of spermatogenesis). These cells are stimulated by 3)____________ to make 4)______________
1) interstitial cells
2) seminiferous tubules
3) Luteinizing hormone
4) testosterone
In males, ______________ stimulates seminiferous tubules to make ___________
Follicle stimulating hormone; sperm cells
Which hormone inhibits aldosterone release?
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
Where are the parathyroid glands located? How many of them are there?
Anywhere from 4-12 embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
What are the hormones of the adenohypophysis that are NOT tropic?
1) Somatotropin (Growth Hormone)
2) Prolactin
3) MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)
Which gland makes/secretes Calcitonin?
The thyroid gland
Which hormone stimulates the _________________ to secrete cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
Which gland secretes gonadocorticoids? What are they?
Zona Reticularis of the adrenal cortex. They are sex hormones
Interstitial Cells Stimulating hormone is also known as ______________
Luteinizing hormone
What does calcitonin do?
It lowers the concentration of Ca++ in the blood
What is another name for the Hypophysis?
Pituitary Gland
What do chemical messages in the nervous system control?
Muscles and Glands
Which gland secretes Corticotropic releasing hormone? (CRH)
The hypothalamus
Which gland secretes Gonadotropic releasing hormones?
Hypothalamus
How would you describe the effects of chemical messengers communicating in the nervous system?
Rapid and short-lasting
What is the chemical messenger of the endocrine system?
Hormones
Which gland secretes Aldosterone?
Zona Glomerulosa of Adrenal Cortex
What are the 4 constituents, in order from most superficial layer to deepest layer, of the adrenal glands?
1) Zona Glomerulosa
2) Zona Fasciculata
3) Zona Reticularis
4) Adrenal Medula
1,2,3 make up the adrenal cortex
Lutenizing hormone releasing hormone would stimulate the ___________ to secrete _____________
Adenohypophysis; Lutenizing hormone
Which gland secretes ANP?
Heart
The newly discovered “caramel macchiato releasing hormone” is secreted by the __________
Hypothalamus (any “releasing” or “inhibiting” hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus)
What makes glucagon?
The pancreas
What’s an example of a Mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
What is an example of a hormone antagonistic to Glucagon?
Insulin
Which gland secretes norepinephrine?
Adrenal medula
Where are the chemical messages sent to in the nervous system?
Synapses
What is meant by a humoral stimuli?
Humoral stimuli are responses to low/high concentrations of certain chemicals in the body
What is the function of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)?
Converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II
What makes/secretes insulin? What does insulin do?
The pancreas makes insulin. It’s hypoglycemic, so it lowers sugar concentration in the blood
How does Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) play a role in the production/secretion of thyroid hormones, such as Triiodothyronine and Tetraiodothyronine?
1) TRH (Secreted by the hypothalamus) stimulates the adenohypophysis to make Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
2) Then, Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to make T3 and T4
A surge of FSH in females would ultimately result in _______
Follicle stimulating hormone is responsible for the maturation of follicles in the ovaries. Increased FSH means more mature follicles, which means an increased number of mature gametes (eggs)
Which gland secretes glucocorticoids?
Zona Fasciculata of the Adrenal Cortex
What is the function of epinephrine?
It’s hyperglycemic, so it raises blood sugar, and it induces glycogenolysis
What is meant by a “Tropic Hormone”?
A tropic hormone is a hormone that affects the release of OTHER hormones, made by another gland
What are the tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis?
1) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
They can be remembered with the acronym FLAT F. SH L. H A. CTH T. SH
What are two examples of Gn-RH’s? (Gonadotropic releasing hormones)
Follicle releasing Hormones (FRH) and Lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)
In females, Luteinizing hormone is responsible for __________
Ovulation (the ovum released from a mature follicle)
In males, the presence of Luteinizing hormone eventually results in the production of _________
Testosterone
What’s an example of a hormone that’s antagonistic to aldosterone?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP/ANH)
The newly discovered “caramel macchiato inhibiting hormone” is secreted by the ___________
Hypothalamus (any “releasing” or “inhibiting” hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus)
What steroid hormones does the placenta secrete?
The placenta secretes estrogen and progesterone
What is the “hormone of pregnancy”? Where is it secreted from?
The hormone of pregnancy is Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
