Endocrine System Flashcards
Regulatory gland bridging between the endocrine and nervous system lying just below the thalamus and inferior to the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
_________ secretes the hormone oxytocin which increases uterine contractions and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which increases reabsorption of water by the tubules of the kidney.
Posterior Pituitary
_______ is also called arginine vasopressin. It’s a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. This hormone constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood.
ADH
:
released in response to increase in blood osmolarity (number of dissolved particle in blood) or decrease in blood volume.
The kidneys respond to ADH by conserving water and producing urine that is more concentrated.
\_\_\_\_\_\_ releases direct hormones sometimes called the "master gland." Hormones secreted influenced by hypothalamic-releasing hormones reaching their target tissue influence growth, sexual development, skin pigmentation, thyroid function, and adrenocortical function. -7 releasing stimulating hormones: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
** Anterior pituitary
In women, ____ helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. hormone levels in women change throughout the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary. This is known as ovulation. In men, this helps control the production of sperm.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
In males, ____ stimulates testosterone release by the Leydig cells of the testes. In females, this hormone stimulates steroid release from the ovaries, ovulation, and the release of progesterone after ovulation by the corpus luteum
LH (luteinizing hormone)
______ is a hormone produced in the anterior, or front, pituitary gland in the brain. The function of this is to regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland.
ATCH (adrenocorticotropic hormone.)
I.e. production of Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands that is important for regulating glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism, suppressing the immune system’s response, and helping to maintain blood pressure
________ (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, or abbreviated TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
:
plays important role in regulating your weight, body temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood.
_________ or somatotropin, also known (hGH or HGH) in its human form, is a peptide hormone produced by the pituitary gland secreted into the bloodstream stimulating growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals.
GH (growth hormone)
:
Also affects sleep, food intake and memory.
________ is a hormone produced by your pituitary gland which sits at the bottom of the brain. This hormone causes breasts to grow and develop and causes milk to be made after a baby is born. Normally, both men and women have small amounts of this in their blood.
Prolactin
:
This level usually rise in females when pregnant but too much prolactin can also cause menstrual problems and infertility. In men, it can lead to lower sex drive and ED.
_______ is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the base of your neck. It releases hormones that control metabolism. Releases thyroxine (rate of metabolism) and calcitonin (decrease calcium levels).
Thyroid gland
______ are located in the neck behind the thyroid where they continuously monitor and regulate blood calcium levels, often responsible for increasing calcium levels.
Parathyroid gland
:
works in opposition of calcitonin
weight loss, hyper activity, and heat intolerance
hyperthyroidism
weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
_______ responsible for regulating blood glucose levels, functions as both an endocrine gland by releasing hormones and also as an exocrine gland by releasing digestive enzymes. Glucagon as well as insulin is secreted by this organ.
Pancreas
Insulin is release in response to _____ blood glucose leading to a decrease blood glucose.
high
Glucagon is released in response to ______ blood glucose, it leads to an increase un blood glucose.
low
________ located just above the kidneys composed of outer cortex in an inner ________. Secretes epinephrine, including fight or flight response or hormone.
Adrenal glands
: adrenal medulla
Molecules released from one location that move to another location to produce a response
Ligands
Signals produced in one part of a cell, such as the cell membrane, and travel to another part of the same cell and bind to receptors, either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus
Intracellular chemical signals
Signals released from one cell, are carried in the intercellular fluid, and bind to receptors that are found in other cells, but usually not in all cells of the body.
Intercellular chemical signals
Signals released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type.
Autocrine chemical signals:
Signals released by cells and have effects on other cell types
Paracrine chemical signals
Signals that are secreted by nerve cells and aid the nervous system
Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
Chemical signals bind to these proteins to produce a response
Receptor molecules
These receptors are located in either the cytoplasm or the nucleus of the cell. Signals diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to the receptor sites on intracellular receptors.
Intracellular receptors
What part of the pituitary releases antidiuretic hormones that helps balance water in the body and also produces oxytocin which triggers the contractions of the uterus during birth?
Posterior lobe
The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by the hormone ________________, which is secreted by the pituitary gland. The more thyroid hormone there is in a person’s bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions occur in the body.
Thyrotropin
The hypothalamus works directly with which endocrine gland?
Pituitary gland
What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland?
Infundibulum - a stalk like structure
What component of the pituitary gland is made up of nervous tissue and does not produce any hormones?
The posterior pituitary gland (neuronohypophysis)
What is the hormone responsible for male secondary sex characterisitics? A) LH B) Estrogen C) Testosterone D) FSH
C
Which of the following parts of the endocrine system can be found in the brain? A) Hypothalamus B) Parathyroid C) Adrenal D) Pancreas
A
Which of the following in a result of the adrenal gland releasing epinephrine into the blood? A) weight gain B) increased muscle growth C) breakdown of glycogen D) increase in heart rate
D
