Endocrine System Flashcards
Hormones
Long-distance signaling molecules in the bloodstream
Act on target cells (must have receptor)
Secreted by endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and some neurons
Gland: Pituitary Anterior
Hormone: Growth Hormone (GH)
Target Tissue: All cells
Effect: Growth, increased protein synthesis
Gland: Pituitary Anterior
Hormone: Prolactin (PRL)
Target Tissue: Mammary Gland
Effect: Production of milk
Gland: Pituitary Anterior
Hormone: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target Tissue: Thyroid
Effect: Secretion of thyroid hormones
Gland: Pituitary Anterior
Hormone: Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Target Tissue: Adrenal Cortex
Effect: Secretion from adrenal cortex
Gland: Pituitary Anterior
Hormone: Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
Target Tissue: Gonads
Effect: Eggs, sperm production; sex hormone production
Gland: Pituitary-Posterior
Hormone: ADH
Target Tissue: Kidneys
Effect: Water conservation/reabsorption
Gland: Pituitary-Posterior
Hormone: Oxytocin
Target Tissue: Uterus/mammary
Effect: Uterine contractions/ milk production
Gland: Thyroid
Hormone: Thyroxine (T4)
Target Tissue: Most cells
Effect: Increase metabolic rate
Gland: Thyroid
Hormone: Calcitonin
Target Tissue: Bone, kidney, intestines
Effect: Decrease blood calcium levels
Gland: Parathyroid
Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Target Tissue: Bone, kidney, intestines
Effect: Maintains calcium and activates vitamin D
Gland: Adrenal Medulla
Hormone: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Target Tissue: Most cells
Effect: Increases blood glucose levels released in emergencies
Gland: Adrenal Cortex
Hormone: Aldosterone
Target Tissue: Kidneys
Effect: Conserve NA+, release K+
Gland: Adrenal Cortex
Hormone: Cortisol
Target Tissue: Most cells
Effect: Increase blood glucose levels, increase protein breakdown, and inflammatory
Gland: Pancreas
Hormone: Glucagon
Target Tissue: Liver, muscles, adipose tissue
Effect: Increases blood glucose levels
Gland: Pancreas
Hormone: Insulin
Target Tissue: Liver, muscle, adipose tissue
Effect: Lowers blood glucose levels
Gland: Teste
Hormone: Testosterone
Target Tissue: Gonads, muscle, skin, bone
Effect: Male sex characteristic
Gland: Ovaries
Hormone: Estrogen
Target Tissue: Gonads, muscle, skin, bone
Effect: Female sex characteristic
Gland: Pineal Gland
Hormone: Melatonin
Target Tissue: Brain
Effect: Circadian Rhythm
Steroid Hormone
Lipids derived from cholesterol
Interact with cell DNA
- lipid soluble-passes through membranes
-connects with nucleus and activates/inhibits genes
-resulting protein production is affected
- slower acting than nonsteriod hormones; MINUTES TO HOURS
Non-steroid Hormone
From amino acids (protein)
Act indirectly
-don’t enter target cell
-binds to plasma membrane
-activates enzymes
-2nd messenger relays signal to cell’s interior, response then starts
-faster acting than steroid hormones; SECONDS TO MINUTES
Hypothalamus
Resides in the forebrain
Monitors internal organs and states
Neurons in the hypothalamus delivers hormones to the pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland
Stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus
Growth Hormone (GH)
Has major effects on body growth
Triggers synthesis of growth factor
Growth mainly in bone and skeletal muscles
Giantism
Overproduction of GH in the pituitary during childhood
Acromegaly
Too much GH during adulthood
Pituitary Dwarfism
Pituitary makes too little GH or receptors do not respond normally
Thyroid Gland
Located at base of neck
Produces thyroid hormone (TH)
Sets basal metabolic rate
Enhances production of GH
Influences development/functioning of nervous system
Produces calcitonin
Iodine (form of iodine) needed to form TH
Hypothyroidism
Low blood level of TH
Lowers metabolism
Weight gain, mental/physical fatigue, intolerant of cold
Hyperthyroidism
High blood level of TH
Speeds up metabolism
Causes Graves’ Disease (elevated blood pressure/ profuse sweating)
Parathyroid Gland
PTH from parathyroid have 4 back of thyroid
Maintain calcium regulator
Helps activate vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency= Rickets
