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Biology 101- Chapter 1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

Long-distance signaling molecules in the bloodstream
Act on target cells (must have receptor)
Secreted by endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and some neurons

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2
Q

Gland: Pituitary Anterior

A

Hormone: Growth Hormone (GH)
Target Tissue: All cells
Effect: Growth, increased protein synthesis

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3
Q

Gland: Pituitary Anterior

A

Hormone: Prolactin (PRL)
Target Tissue: Mammary Gland
Effect: Production of milk

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4
Q

Gland: Pituitary Anterior

A

Hormone: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target Tissue: Thyroid
Effect: Secretion of thyroid hormones

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5
Q

Gland: Pituitary Anterior

A

Hormone: Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Target Tissue: Adrenal Cortex
Effect: Secretion from adrenal cortex

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6
Q

Gland: Pituitary Anterior

A

Hormone: Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH)
Target Tissue: Gonads
Effect: Eggs, sperm production; sex hormone production

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7
Q

Gland: Pituitary-Posterior

A

Hormone: ADH
Target Tissue: Kidneys
Effect: Water conservation/reabsorption

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8
Q

Gland: Pituitary-Posterior

A

Hormone: Oxytocin
Target Tissue: Uterus/mammary
Effect: Uterine contractions/ milk production

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9
Q

Gland: Thyroid

A

Hormone: Thyroxine (T4)
Target Tissue: Most cells
Effect: Increase metabolic rate

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10
Q

Gland: Thyroid

A

Hormone: Calcitonin
Target Tissue: Bone, kidney, intestines
Effect: Decrease blood calcium levels

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11
Q

Gland: Parathyroid

A

Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Target Tissue: Bone, kidney, intestines
Effect: Maintains calcium and activates vitamin D

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12
Q

Gland: Adrenal Medulla

A

Hormone: Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Target Tissue: Most cells
Effect: Increases blood glucose levels released in emergencies

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13
Q

Gland: Adrenal Cortex

A

Hormone: Aldosterone
Target Tissue: Kidneys
Effect: Conserve NA+, release K+

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14
Q

Gland: Adrenal Cortex

A

Hormone: Cortisol
Target Tissue: Most cells
Effect: Increase blood glucose levels, increase protein breakdown, and inflammatory

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15
Q

Gland: Pancreas

A

Hormone: Glucagon
Target Tissue: Liver, muscles, adipose tissue
Effect: Increases blood glucose levels

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16
Q

Gland: Pancreas

A

Hormone: Insulin
Target Tissue: Liver, muscle, adipose tissue
Effect: Lowers blood glucose levels

17
Q

Gland: Teste

A

Hormone: Testosterone
Target Tissue: Gonads, muscle, skin, bone
Effect: Male sex characteristic

18
Q

Gland: Ovaries

A

Hormone: Estrogen
Target Tissue: Gonads, muscle, skin, bone
Effect: Female sex characteristic

19
Q

Gland: Pineal Gland

A

Hormone: Melatonin
Target Tissue: Brain
Effect: Circadian Rhythm

20
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

Lipids derived from cholesterol
Interact with cell DNA
- lipid soluble-passes through membranes
-connects with nucleus and activates/inhibits genes
-resulting protein production is affected
- slower acting than nonsteriod hormones; MINUTES TO HOURS

21
Q

Non-steroid Hormone

A

From amino acids (protein)
Act indirectly
-don’t enter target cell
-binds to plasma membrane
-activates enzymes
-2nd messenger relays signal to cell’s interior, response then starts
-faster acting than steroid hormones; SECONDS TO MINUTES

22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Resides in the forebrain
Monitors internal organs and states
Neurons in the hypothalamus delivers hormones to the pituitary gland

23
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus

24
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Has major effects on body growth
Triggers synthesis of growth factor
Growth mainly in bone and skeletal muscles

25
Q

Giantism

A

Overproduction of GH in the pituitary during childhood

26
Q

Acromegaly

A

Too much GH during adulthood

27
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A

Pituitary makes too little GH or receptors do not respond normally

28
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Located at base of neck
Produces thyroid hormone (TH)
Sets basal metabolic rate
Enhances production of GH
Influences development/functioning of nervous system
Produces calcitonin
Iodine (form of iodine) needed to form TH

29
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Low blood level of TH
Lowers metabolism
Weight gain, mental/physical fatigue, intolerant of cold

30
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

High blood level of TH
Speeds up metabolism
Causes Graves’ Disease (elevated blood pressure/ profuse sweating)

31
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

PTH from parathyroid have 4 back of thyroid
Maintain calcium regulator
Helps activate vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency= Rickets

Biology 101- Chapter 1 (4 decks)

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