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Biology 101- Chapter 1 > Chapter 3- Cells & How they Work > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cells & How they Work Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • Cells are the smallest unit with properties of life
  • All organisms consist of one or more cells
  • Cells come from pre-existing ones
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2
Q

Basic Cell Structure

A
  • Outer plasma membrane
  • Cytomplasm
  • DNA
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3
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • Covering that encloses a cell’s internal parts
  • Composed of lipids and lipids–bilayer
  • Thin and fluid like
  • Encloses the cell
  • Controls movement of substances in and out (selectively permeable)
  • Proteins in cell membranes carry out many functions (enzymes, receptors, and transport proteins)
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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents of cell between the outer plasma membrane and the nucleus. (Hand sanitizer consistency)

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly like fluid portion in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • No nucleus
  • Cytoplasm: fluid within membrane
  • No true organelles
  • Bacteria cells are prokaryotic
  • BEFORE NUCLEUS
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7
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Nucleus: membrane bound information center
  • Cytoplasm: fluid within membrane
  • Organelles: membrane bound structures with specialized functions
  • All human cells are eukaryotic
  • TRUE NUCLEUS
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8
Q

Surface-to Volume Ratio

A

Physical relationship by which the volume of a growing 3D object increases faster than its surface area does.

  • Most cells have large surface area compared to their volume which allows for nutrients to easily pas through plasma membrane, into cell. And allows waste products to exit quickly.
  • Small size= more surface area= more efficiency moving things into/out of cell and through the cell.
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9
Q

Importance of Membranes

A
  • To be a filter (semi-permeable)
  • Made up of phosphate and lipid bilayer
  • Hydrophobic tail= water hating (does not dissolve)
  • Hydrophilic tail= water loving
  • ” Heads” are dissolved in watery fluids in/out of cell
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10
Q

Organelles

A
  • Interior of a eukaryotic cell
  • Specialized part of a cell having a specific function
  • Outer membrane separates interior of organelle from rest of cytoplasm
  • Membrane controls types of substances that enter and leave
  • Most organelles surrounded by membranes (not all, through)
  • Chemical reaction takes place in organelles
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11
Q

Organelles with Membrane

A

-Nucleus- protecting controlling access to DNA
Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)- routing, modifying new polypeptide chains; synthesizes lipids, other tasks (SMOOTH AND ROUGH ER)
- Golgi Body- modifying new polypeptide chains; sorting, shipping proteins, and lipids
- Vesicles- transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell; other functions
- Mitochonrion- making ATP by sugar breakdown
- Lysosome– intracellular digestion
- Peroxisome- inactivating toxins

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12
Q

Organelles w/o Membrane

A
  • Ribosomes- assembling polypeptide chains

- Centriole- anchor for cytoskeleton

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Function:
- Controls everything/ brain of cell
- Contains genetic information of cell
- Controls all of the activities of the cell
Structural features:
- Doubled- layered nuclear membrane/envelope
- Nuclear pores ( allows material to pass through)
- Chromosomes/chromatin (DNA) ( DNA goes through pores)
- Nucleolus- within nucleus; parts of ribosomes assembled here)

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

Cell’s DNA and proteins associated with it
Grainy and threadlike, all stretched out
* DNA is organized in chromosomes

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15
Q

Chromsome

A

Double stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information, compact
*DNA is organized in chromosomes

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16
Q

Endoplasmic Recticulum

A
  • Flattened channel
  • Starts at nuclear envelope and shakes through cytoplasm
  • May be rough or smooth
  • Lipid assembly and processing of polypeptide chains into proteins
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17
Q

Rough ER

A

Strutted with ribosomes; newly forming polypeptide chains that have built in signal (string of amino acids) can enter in space inside rough ER or incorporated into ER membranes

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18
Q

Smooth ER

A

Has no ribosomes, and curves through cytoplasm.

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19
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Attached to ER
  • Platform for building cell proteins
  • Ribosomes in rough ER = makes protein
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20
Q

Golgi Bodies

A
  • Refines, packages, and ships
  • Series of flattened sacs
    Function:
  • Enzymes inside finish the proteins and lipids
  • Package the molecules in yes circles for shipment to specific locations
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21
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-bound storage and shipping containers
Two main types:
- Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains enzymes that detoxify wastes produced by the cell (breakdown fatty acids and amino acids)

23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break down molecules

24
Q

Mitochondria/ Mitochondrion

A
  • Power plant of cell: the # of mitochondria in a cell varies with the cell’s energy requirement. ( If more energy is needed, more mitochondria is needed)
  • Surrounded by a double membrane
  • Inner membrane is highly folded
  • Site of cellular respiration: utilizes O2 and produces CO2
  • Generates ATP (energy)
  • Have their own DNA= mtDNA ( DNA comes from Mom)
  • We can’t survive without mitochondria
  • MITOCHNONDRION- produces ATP; main cell fuel.
25
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • Internal structural framework (helps maintain shape)

- Cells have to have structures for support and movement

26
Q

Parts of Cytoskeleton

A
  • Microtubules: largest element of cytoskeleton, spatially organize interior of cell
  • Microfilaments: filaments that reinforce cell parts
  • Intermediate filaments: anchor proteins (actin/myosin) in systole and add strength.
27
Q

Cell Structures that Enable Movement

A
  • Cilia (Cilium)- short bendable structures; short brissles; rowers, built of microtubules. Shorter than flagella, short-many, many in respiratory tract (capture dust)
  • Flagella (Fllagellum)- whiplike structures; moves itself. Nine pairs of microtubules ring a central pair, sakes and links provide structure, propel sperm, long and single.
  • Centrioles- cell structures that give rise to microtubules
28
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A difference in # of molecules/ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (high–>low)

29
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

  • High to low
  • No energy needed
30
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • Transports a substance without having to expend ENERGY
  • Diffusion of a substance across a cell membrane does not require ATP energy
  • Diffusion- moving pieces
  • Osmosis- only H2O moving
31
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • Transports a substance without having to expend ENERGY
  • Diffusion of a substance across a cell membrane does not require ATP energy
  • Diffusion- moving pieces
  • Osmosis- only H2O moving
  • AKA Facilitated diffusion
32
Q

Active Transport

A

Cell must expend ENERGY from ATP
Movement of substance across cell membrane against concentration gradients.
-OPEN GATE
- Cells use more energy to move solutes against concentration gradients

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Entering into a cell
- Process which a cell takes in a larger molecule/ particle by forming a vesicle that encloses it and moves it in the cell cytoplasm

34
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exiting from cell

- Vesicle encloses and moves a larger molecule or particle to cell surface and expels it.

35
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients

  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
36
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients

  • Water that moves through membrane= osmosis
  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
37
Q

Hypertonic

A

Fluid has more solutes on other side of selective permeable membrane.
- Water always tends to move from a hypotonic solution to a hypersonic solution because it always moves down its’s concentration gradient

38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

39
Q

Tranporter Proteins

A

(Friend that got you in)

  • Helps solutes cross membranes
  • Specific to a solute
  • Provides a channel
40
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in an organisms

  • Anabolism+ Catabolism= Metabolism
  • Two types of metabolic pathways: anabolism and catabolism
41
Q

Anabolism

A
  • Larger molecules are assembled from smaller ones
  • Requires energy- ATP input
  • Makes big things
42
Q

Catabolism

A
  • Larger molecules are broken down to smaller ones.
  • Releases energy- ATP output
  • Breaks things
43
Q

Cell Use & Transform Matter & Energy

A

Metabolic activities of a living cell require a lot of energy
Engird is often provided by catabolism-breakdown energy
ATPADP+P1+ energy
- Every chemical reaction requires a specific enzyme

44
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Essential part of metabolic reactions
  • Enzymes are reusable
  • Most enzymes are proteins and are all catalysts ( substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected)
  • Enzyme that is substrate interact at the enzyme’s active site.
45
Q

Why Cells Make ATP?

A
  • Glucose (food) provides cell with energy
  • Energy in glucose is used to generate ATP
  • One glucose molecule may yield 36 ATP
  • In absence of glucose, other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be catabolized to generate ATP
  • ATP= more readily used “cash” form of energy (ie gold bricks vs. paper dollars; gold-> cash)
  • Glucose and other fuel molecules must be cashed in for ATP can then be used to do cellular work
46
Q

How Cells Make ATP?

A

Cellular Respiration

Glucose–>glycolysis–>krebs cycle–>electron transport system.

47
Q

Substrates

A

Particular kind of molecule that interacts with a given enzyme.

48
Q

Active Site

A

Area on surface where the enzyme and its substrate can interact.

49
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The breakdown of glucose int eh presence of oxygen to yield ATP (energy).

50
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The breakdown of glucose int eh presence of oxygen to yield ATP (energy).

51
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breaks down glucose into pyuvate ( happens in cytoplasm, outside of mitochondrion).

52
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Produces energy-rich transport molecules ( in mithochondrion).

53
Q

Electron Transport

A

Produces many ATP molecules ( 1 glucose= 36 ATP)

Biology 101- Chapter 1 (4 decks)

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