endocrine system Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine
A
-hormone secreted into blood and travels to affect distant tissue
2
Q
paracrine
A
-chemicals secreted by cells into ECF to affect nearby, but different, types of cells
3
Q
autocrine
A
-chemical secreted by cells into interstitial fluid elicits effects from same cell or cell type.
4
Q
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A
- origin: hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)
- target: kidneys, brain
- effect: water reabsorption from kidneys; increases blood volume
5
Q
oxytocin
A
- origin: hypothalamus (stored posterior in pituitary)
- target: uterus, mammary glands
- effect: uterine contractions, milk let-down reflex
6
Q
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A
- origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
- target: thyroid gland
- effect: growth and development of the thyroid gland; synthesis of thyroid hormones
7
Q
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A
- origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
- target: adrenal cortex
- effect: growth and development of adrenal cortices; release of adrenal steroids and catecholamines
8
Q
prolactin
A
- origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
- target: mammary gland
- effect: development of mammary glands, milk production
9
Q
luteinizing hormone (LH)
A
- origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
- target: male gonads, female gonads
- effect: development of gonads; testosterone production; production of estrogens and progesterone; ovulation
10
Q
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A
- origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
- target: male gonads, female gonads
- effect: production of factors that bind and concentrate testosterone; production of estrogens; maturation of ovarian follicles
11
Q
Growth hormone (GH)
A
- origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
- target: liver, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, bone and cartilage
- effect: gluconeogenesis; fat breakdown (lipolysis); protein breakdown; production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) which stimulates cell division and protein synthesis
12
Q
Trilodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
A
- origin: thyroid
- target: nearly every cell in the body
- effect: set the basal metabolic rate; thermoregulation; growth and development; synergism with the SNS
13
Q
Calcitonin
A
- origin: thyroid
- target: osteoclasts
- effect: inhibits osteoclast activity under certain conditions, which transiently decreases the blood calcium ion concentration
14
Q
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
- origin: parathyroid glands
- target: bone, kidneys, intestine
- effect: increases calcium ion reabsorption from the fluid in the kidneys; increases calcium ion absorption from the contents of the small intestine; indirectly increases osteoclast activity; all effects lead to an increased blood calcium ion concentration
15
Q
aldosterone
A
- origin: adrenal gland
- target: tubules of the kidney
- effect: increases sodium ion retention directly and water retention indirectly; increases potassium ion loss in the urine; increases hydrogen ion loss in the urine; regulates blood pressure
16
Q
cortisol
A
- origin: adrenal gland
- target: liver, muscle, adipose, white blood cells
- effect: increases gluconeogenesis in the liver; increases protein breakdown in muscle; increases lipolysis in adipose tissue; inhibits the inflammatory response
17
Q
androgens
A
- origin: adrenal gland
- target: organs of the reproductive tract; brain; bone; skeletal muscle
- effects: can be converted to testosterone in the circulation; likely responsible for development of female pubic hair and libido
18
Q
catecholamines (epi and norepi)
A
- origin: adrenal medullary gland
- target: nearly every cell in the body
- effects: increase rate and force of heart contraction; dilate bronchioles; constrict blood vessels to the digestive and urinary organs and the skin; increase the metabolic rate; dilate the pupils
19
Q
insulin/glucagon
A
- origin: pancreas
- target:
- insulin: most cells including those of liver, skeletal and cardiac muscles and adipocytes
- glucagon: liver, muscle, adipose
- effects:
insulin: stimulates glucose uptake by most target cells; glycogenesis; and lipogenesis
glucagon: stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown, ketogenesis, and fat and protein breakdown
20
Q
melatonin
A
- origin: pineal gland
- target: reticular formation of the brainstem
- effects: regulates the sleep/wake cycle; promotes sleep
21
Q
thymosin/thymopoietin
A
- origin: thymus
- target: t lymphocytes
- effect: promote t lymphocyte maturation
22
Q
testosterone
A
- origin: testes
- target: male reproductive organs, multiple other target tissues
- effects: androgenic effects, anabolic effects
23
Q
estrogens
A
- origin: ovaries
- target: female reproductive organs
- effects: development of female secondary sex characteristics; regulate the menstrual cycle; multiple other effects
24
Q
progesterone
A
- origin: ovaries
- target: multiple other target tissues
- effects: prepare the body for pregnancy; support fetal development; multiple other effects
25
Q
leptin
A
- origin: adipose tissue
- target: brain
- effects: promotes satiety
26
Q
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
A
- origin: heart
- target: smooth muscle cells in blood vessel wall; kidney tubules
- effects: relaxes smooth muscle cells in blood vessels; promotes natriuresis and fluid loss in the kidneys; lowers blood pressure as a result of above effects
27
Q
erythropoietin
A
- origin: kidneys
- target: red bone marrow
- effects: increases rate at which erythrocytes are formed
28
Q
renin
A
- origin: kidneys
- target: enzyme that activates angiotensinogen
- effects: part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
29
Q
vitamin D (calcitriol)
A
- origin: kidneys
- target: small intestines
- effects: vitamin D activation
