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A&P 2 week 2 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

-hormone secreted into blood and travels to affect distant tissue

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2
Q

paracrine

A

-chemicals secreted by cells into ECF to affect nearby, but different, types of cells

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3
Q

autocrine

A

-chemical secreted by cells into interstitial fluid elicits effects from same cell or cell type.

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4
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • origin: hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)
  • target: kidneys, brain
  • effect: water reabsorption from kidneys; increases blood volume
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5
Q

oxytocin

A
  • origin: hypothalamus (stored posterior in pituitary)
  • target: uterus, mammary glands
  • effect: uterine contractions, milk let-down reflex
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6
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
  • target: thyroid gland
  • effect: growth and development of the thyroid gland; synthesis of thyroid hormones
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7
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
  • target: adrenal cortex
  • effect: growth and development of adrenal cortices; release of adrenal steroids and catecholamines
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8
Q

prolactin

A
  • origin: hypothalamic (anterior pituitary)
  • target: mammary gland
  • effect: development of mammary glands, milk production
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9
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
  • target: male gonads, female gonads
  • effect: development of gonads; testosterone production; production of estrogens and progesterone; ovulation
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10
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
  • target: male gonads, female gonads
  • effect: production of factors that bind and concentrate testosterone; production of estrogens; maturation of ovarian follicles
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11
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A
  • origin: hypothalamus (anterior pituitary)
  • target: liver, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, bone and cartilage
  • effect: gluconeogenesis; fat breakdown (lipolysis); protein breakdown; production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) which stimulates cell division and protein synthesis
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12
Q

Trilodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

A
  • origin: thyroid
  • target: nearly every cell in the body
  • effect: set the basal metabolic rate; thermoregulation; growth and development; synergism with the SNS
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13
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • origin: thyroid
  • target: osteoclasts
  • effect: inhibits osteoclast activity under certain conditions, which transiently decreases the blood calcium ion concentration
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14
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • origin: parathyroid glands
  • target: bone, kidneys, intestine
  • effect: increases calcium ion reabsorption from the fluid in the kidneys; increases calcium ion absorption from the contents of the small intestine; indirectly increases osteoclast activity; all effects lead to an increased blood calcium ion concentration
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15
Q

aldosterone

A
  • origin: adrenal gland
  • target: tubules of the kidney
  • effect: increases sodium ion retention directly and water retention indirectly; increases potassium ion loss in the urine; increases hydrogen ion loss in the urine; regulates blood pressure
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16
Q

cortisol

A
  • origin: adrenal gland
  • target: liver, muscle, adipose, white blood cells
  • effect: increases gluconeogenesis in the liver; increases protein breakdown in muscle; increases lipolysis in adipose tissue; inhibits the inflammatory response
17
Q

androgens

A
  • origin: adrenal gland
  • target: organs of the reproductive tract; brain; bone; skeletal muscle
  • effects: can be converted to testosterone in the circulation; likely responsible for development of female pubic hair and libido
18
Q

catecholamines (epi and norepi)

A
  • origin: adrenal medullary gland
  • target: nearly every cell in the body
  • effects: increase rate and force of heart contraction; dilate bronchioles; constrict blood vessels to the digestive and urinary organs and the skin; increase the metabolic rate; dilate the pupils
19
Q

insulin/glucagon

A
  • origin: pancreas
  • target:
    • insulin: most cells including those of liver, skeletal and cardiac muscles and adipocytes
    • glucagon: liver, muscle, adipose
  • effects:
    insulin: stimulates glucose uptake by most target cells; glycogenesis; and lipogenesis
    glucagon: stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown, ketogenesis, and fat and protein breakdown
20
Q

melatonin

A
  • origin: pineal gland
  • target: reticular formation of the brainstem
  • effects: regulates the sleep/wake cycle; promotes sleep
21
Q

thymosin/thymopoietin

A
  • origin: thymus
  • target: t lymphocytes
  • effect: promote t lymphocyte maturation
22
Q

testosterone

A
  • origin: testes
  • target: male reproductive organs, multiple other target tissues
  • effects: androgenic effects, anabolic effects
23
Q

estrogens

A
  • origin: ovaries
  • target: female reproductive organs
  • effects: development of female secondary sex characteristics; regulate the menstrual cycle; multiple other effects
24
Q

progesterone

A
  • origin: ovaries
  • target: multiple other target tissues
  • effects: prepare the body for pregnancy; support fetal development; multiple other effects
25
Q

leptin

A
  • origin: adipose tissue
  • target: brain
  • effects: promotes satiety
26
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A
  • origin: heart
  • target: smooth muscle cells in blood vessel wall; kidney tubules
  • effects: relaxes smooth muscle cells in blood vessels; promotes natriuresis and fluid loss in the kidneys; lowers blood pressure as a result of above effects
27
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • origin: kidneys
  • target: red bone marrow
  • effects: increases rate at which erythrocytes are formed
28
Q

renin

A
  • origin: kidneys
  • target: enzyme that activates angiotensinogen
  • effects: part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
29
Q

vitamin D (calcitriol)

A
  • origin: kidneys
  • target: small intestines
  • effects: vitamin D activation

A&P 2 week 2 (7 decks)

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