Endocrine System

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

Hormones are chemical signals that are secreted in to the circulatory system. They are long-distance regulators and reach all parts of the body. They bind to specific target cell receptors in order to initiate a response.

Question 2

What are the three types of hormones in vertebrates?

Answer 2

Proteins and peptides
Amines and derived from amino acids
Steroids

Question 3

What are the three key events in signalling?

Answer 3

Reception
Signal transduction
Response

Question 4

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 4

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Question 5

What do non-pituitary hormones regulate?

Answer 5

Metabolism, homeostasis, development and behaviour

Question 6

What are three examples of pituitary hormones?

Answer 6

Adrenal hormones
Melatonin
Thyroid hormones 
Insulin & glucagon
Gonadal sex hormones

Question 7

What do gonadal sex hormones respond to?

Answer 7

Maintenance of male and female reproductive system

Question 8

What class of hormones are secreted from the medulla and deal with short-term stresses?

Answer 8

Catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine, which activate the fight-or-flight responses)

Question 9

What are effects of epinephrine & norepinephrine?

Answer 9

1. Glycogen broken down to glucose = energy
2. Increased blood glucose
3. Increased blood pressure = pumps glucose around body
4. Increased breathing rate = more oxygen, getting rid of CO2
5. Increased metabolic rate
6. Change in blood flow patterns = shuts off blood circulation to digestive, reproductive, urinary systems
7. Decreased digestive & kidney activity
8. Increased alertness = to locate predator, good for exams, but can lead to more stress.

Question 10

What is the sequence for long-term stress response?

Answer 10

Hypothalamus -> releases hormones -> anterior pituitary -> releases second set of hormones (ACTH) -> Adrenal cortex -> secretes cortisol and aldosterone

Question 11

What are the three classes of stress hormones secreted from the adrenal glands?

Answer 11

Gluco-corticoids
Mineralo-corticoids
Sex hormones

Question 12

What are the 2 iodine-containing hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Answer 12

Triiodothyroine and thyroxine

Question 13

What does insulin do?

Answer 13

Reduce blood glucose levels
Promote cellular uptake of glucose
Slows glycogen breakdown in liver
Promoting fat storage

Question 14

What does glucagon do?

Answer 14

increases blood glucose levels
Stimulates breakdown of fat & protein into glucose
Converts glycogen to glucose in liver

Question 15

What are the gonads?

Answer 15

Testes & ovaries

Question 16

Which hormone does androgen produce?

a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) All of the above

Answer 16

c) Testosterone

Question 17

What hormones are secreted at each part of the stages of love?
Stage 1: Lust
Stage 2: Attraction
Stage 3: Attachment

Answer 17

Stage 1: Testosterone and estrogen
Stage 2: Adrenaline and cortisol (activates stress responses), dopamine (desire and reward, rush of pleasure) and serotonin
Stage 3: Oxytocin, vasopressin

Question 18

What are the direct-acting hormones which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 18

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Where are tropic hormones produced?

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary

Question 20

Where are non-tropic hormones produced?

Answer 20

Anterior pituitary

Question 21

What are four strictly tropic hormones?

Answer 21

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinising hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 22

What does FSH & LH stand for?

Answer 22

Follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinising hormone

Question 23

What are three non-tropic hormones?

Answer 23

Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Endorphins