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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

A system of glands and cells that secrete hormones to regulate and integrate body systems

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

The endocrine system is a _________.

A

Control system

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3
Q

Endocrine Glands Function

A

Secrete substances into the blood in response to a stimuli

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical Messengers (a.k.a mediator molecules)

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5
Q

How do hormones have access to the body cells?

A

Release into interstitial fluid, which then enter the bloodstream, which then circulate to the body

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6
Q

Where are hormones released? How does this connect with where it regulates activity?

A

One part of the body to regulate activity in another

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7
Q

To deliver the hormone message (function), the hormones ____..

A

bind to receptors on the cell membrane of target cells/organs

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8
Q

Explain upregulation & downregulation

A

Upregulation:
-Increasing the target cell receptors due to a lack of circulating hormone
-This increases sensitivity to this hormone
Downregulation:
-Decrease in target cell receptors due to an excess of circulating hormone
-This decreases sensitivity to the hormone

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9
Q

Normally, most hormones are present in the body at all times (usually in small amounts). When will these levels fluctuate?

A

When there is a demand on normal body rhythms

  • Environment
  • Stress
  • Inflammation
  • Pathologies
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10
Q

When are normal rhythms absent?

A

-Disease States

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11
Q

What is secretion controlled by?

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. Chemical changes in blood
  3. Other hormones
  4. Managed through negative feedback loops
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12
Q

Primary Endocrine Glands

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
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13
Q

Other organs that secrete hormones

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thymus
  • Ovaries/Testes
  • Pancreas
  • Kidneys
  • Stomach & small intestine
  • Heart
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Placenta
  • Liver
  • Skin
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14
Q

Two things that regulate all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

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15
Q

Major integrating centre between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Hormonally, the hypothalamus regulates the synthesis and release of the ____________

A

anterior pituitary hormones

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17
Q

Neurologically, the hypothalamus regulates the synthesis and release of the ____________

A

posterior pituitary hormones

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18
Q

A.k.a Pituitary

A

Hypophysis

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19
Q

Pituitary located/Description

A
  • Sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid.

- 2 Lobes, Small gland

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20
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  6. Prolactin (PRL)
  7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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21
Q

Describe the Human Growth Hormone (hGH)

A
  • Stimulates Tissue Growth
  • Promotes Healing and Tissue Repair
  • Increases Use of Lipids for Energy
  • Decreases Cellular Uptake of Glucose/Elevates Blood Glucose Levels
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22
Q

When is hGH released?

A

In bursts, every few hours

23
Q

What will promote the release of hGH?

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Increased SyNS
  • Other hormones (glucagon, cortisol, insulin, estrogen)
24
Q

Factors that will inhibit releasing hGH

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • REM sleep
  • Obesity
  • Low levels of thyroid hormones
  • High levels of hGH in blood
25
Describe Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Stimulates the release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland - Dependent on level of thyroid hormones in blood
26
Describe Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands | - Release increases with stress stimuli and macrophage activity
27
Describe Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Females: Triggers ovulation Males: Stimulates Testes to release testosterone
28
Describe Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Females: Triggers ovarian follicle development Males: Triggers sperm production in the testes
29
Describe Prolactin (PRL)
Initiates and maintains milk production in the mammary glands
30
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland
1. Oxytocin | 2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)
31
Describe Oxytocin
- During delivery, it enhances smooth mm contraction of the uterus - Post-partum, stimulates milk ejection
32
Describe ADH
- Decrease urine production | - Causes arteriolar vasoconstriction
33
Factors that promotes release of ADH
- Dehydration - Pain/anxiety/stress/trauma - Nicotine - Some medication
34
Factors that will inhibit the release of ADH
- Increase blood volume | - Alcohol
35
The Thyroid Gland is inferior to the ___
Larynx
36
What does the thyroid produce?
Thyroid Hormones and Calcitonin
37
What is the thyroid controlled by?
The hypothalamus-pituitary
38
Function of thyroid hormones
1. Increase base metabolic rate 2. Maintain body temp 3. Stimulate protein synthesis 4. Increase use of glucose and lipids to generate ATP 5. Enhance the actions of norepinephrine 6. w/ hGH and insulin, body growth accelerates
39
Describe Calcitonin
-Decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
40
Where is the Parathyroid Gland located?
Posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
41
Parathyroid Gland secretes...
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - Increase blood calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels by increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts - Works with kidneys to decrese their secretion of calcium and magnesium and to promote the formation of calcitriol
42
What is calcitriol?
Active form of Vitamin D
43
Two parts of the Adrenal Gland
1. Adrenal Cortex | 2. Adrenal Medulla
44
Adrenal Cortex secretes...
1. Aldosterone 2. Cortisol 3. Androgens
45
Adrenal Medulla secretes...
1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine (same thing--adrenaline)
46
Describe Aldosterone
- Regulates sodium and potassium levels - Helps regulate BP/BV - Helps elimination of H+ (acid) - Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and stimulate arteriolar smooth mm contraction
47
When is Aldosterone Released?
In response to dehydration, sodium deficiency, hemorrhage
48
Describe Cortisol
It is the "Stress Hormone" | Secreting while stressed
49
Describe Androgens
During Puberty: stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth Males (post-pube) weak Females (post-pube) function in libido and are converted into estrogens
50
Describe Adrenal Medulla
- Produce Norepinephrine/epinephrine - both are released during stress and excercise - Increase the SyNS response
51
Describe the Pineal gland
- secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycles | - increase secretion in darkness, decrease secretion in sunlight
52
Describe the Thymus
Promotes the maturation of T-cells
53
Describe the pancrease
``` -located in the curve of the duodenum Pancreatic Islets (islets of langerhans) secrete: -Glucagon -Insulin -Somatostatin ```

Physiology (6 decks)

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