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Physiology > Basic Chemistry Review > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms?

A

ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter

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2
Q

The number of neutrons to protons are ____. The amount of circling electrons determines how ____ the atom is.

A

equal, reactive

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

the stable combination of two or more atoms

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of different atoms (eg CH4)

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5
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made entirely of the same atoms (e.g. O2)

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6
Q

What four elements make up 96% of the body’s mass?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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7
Q

What are ions?

A

an atom with a positive or negative charge

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8
Q

What is a free radical?

A

an electrically charged atom (or group of atoms) with an unpaired electron

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9
Q

What makes up a cell?

A

the association of molecules with one another

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10
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules are either formed or broken

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11
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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12
Q

What is anabolism?

A

simple molecules of combined to make more complex ones

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13
Q

What is catabolism?

A

complex molecules are broken down into smaller ones

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14
Q

The net consumption of energy is seen in which metabolic situation?

A

Anabolism

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15
Q

The net production of energy is seen in which metabolic situation?

A

Catabolism

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16
Q

The balance between anabolic and catabolic reactions is known as _____.

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

What is known as the “energy currency” in the body?

A

ATP

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18
Q

ATP is used for many important functions, name 4.

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. cell division
  3. movement of some substances across cell membranes
  4. making large molecules out of small ones
19
Q

To get the energy needed to perform certain functions, is ATP broken or formed causing an energy release?

A

Broken ATP= Energy Release

20
Q

When reforming ATP, is energy used or broken?

A

Reforming ATP=Energy Used

21
Q

Where does the cell get the energy to reform ATP?

A

Carbs (also fats and proteins)

22
Q

What are substances used to make energy known as?

A

Energy substrates

23
Q

Different energy substrates are used based on? (3)

A
  1. Different cells
  2. Demand for energy
  3. Availability of energy substrate
24
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of reactions that transfers energy from food to ATP

25
Q

Cellular Respiration can be either ____ or _____.

A

Aerobic or anaerobic

26
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

A

Anaerobic: cellular respiration without oxygen present
Aerobic: cellular respiration with oxygen present

27
Q

Which is the preferred energy substrate?

A

Carbohydrate (glucose) Metabolism

28
Q

What glucose is used for ATP production?

A

glycogen or blood glucose

29
Q

The process of making ATP from glucose occurring in the cytoplasm is called ____.

A

Glycolysis

30
Q

Through glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken into…

A
  • 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

- 2 ATP

31
Q

What is known as the ATP powerplant of the cell?

A

The mitochondria

32
Q

In an aerobic reaction, what happens to the pyruvic acid?

A

Enters the mitochondria, produces 26-28 more ATP

33
Q

In an anaerobic reaction, what happens to the pyruvic acid?

A

Does not enter the mitochondria, turns into lactic acid/lactate

34
Q

What happens to the lactic acid?

A

Diffuses out of the cell into blood, where other cells with oxygen can use for ATP production

35
Q

Fat metabolism can only generate ATP in the presence of _____.

A

oxygen —> aerobic reaction

36
Q

The breakdown of stored fats is called ____.

A

Lipolysis

37
Q

What are the stored fats broken down to?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

38
Q

The amount of ATP generated from fat depends on ____. What is an example?

A

Size.

Ex. 129 ATP from palmitic acid

39
Q

What are liver cells known as?

A

Hepatocytes

40
Q

What do hepatocytes make that are used by other cells to make ATP?

A

ketone bodies

41
Q

During protein metabolism, what is the protein broken down to?

A

Amino Acids

42
Q

What are the uses of amino acids?

A
  • Small production of ATP

- Building blocks for building proteins

43
Q

The body mostly wont use protein for ATP, unless what?

A

There is a pathology present.

Physiology (6 decks)

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