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Histology Test 4-Brendan > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.

A

Pituitary

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2
Q

The pituitary gland is made of 2 portions: What are they and what are they derived from embryonically?

A

Glandular portion (adenohypophysis)=derived from ectoderm of primative oral cavity

Neural portion (neurohypophysis)=derived from neuroectoderm

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3
Q

The adenohypophysis (glandular) is divided into 3 “pars”:

A

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

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4
Q

The neurohypophysis (neural) is divided into 2 parts:

A

pars nervosa and infundibulum

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5
Q

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is made of 2 “pars”:

A

pars distalis + pars tuberalis

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6
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is made of 2 “pars”:

A

pars nervosa + pars intermedia

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7
Q

The pars ____ of the anterior pituitary produces hormones

A

distalis

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8
Q

The pars _____ of the posterior pituitary releases hormones made by the _____

A

nervosa

hypothalamus

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9
Q

Adenohypophysis secretion (A*): Peptide hormones produced by special neurons in _____ nuclei are released into the primary capillary _____ of the _____, and these stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones by cells in the ______ _____.

A

hypothalamus
plexus
infundibulum
anterior pituitary

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10
Q

A*: Hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate release of 5 things:

There is also a hormone to inhibit ____ release

A

thryotropin, gonadotropin, somatostatin, growth hormone, corticotropin

prolactin

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11
Q

The hypophysis is supplied by the superior and inferior _____ artery. The inferior arteries primarily supply the pars ____.

A

hypophyseal

nervosa

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12
Q

The superior hypophyseal arteries supply the ____ _____, the upper part of the _____, and the lower part of the _____ via connection to the inferior hypophyseal arteries.

A

median eminence
infundibulum
infundibulum

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13
Q

Arteries supplying the median eminence and infundibulum end in ____ _____

A

capillary plexuses

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14
Q

Hypophyseal _____ _____ drain the areas supplied by capillary plexuses.

A

portal veins

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15
Q

The pars distalis (PD) consists of different secretory cells within a connective tissue _____ with _____ capillaries

A

stroma

fenestrated

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16
Q

PD: _____ make of 50% of cells and stain poorly, appearing clear or white.

A

chromophobes

there are 3 types of chromophobes in the PD

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17
Q

The three types of chromophobes in the pars distalis are _____ ____ cells, ______ chromophils, and connective tissue/____ cells

A

undifferentiated nonsecretory (“possibly stem cells”)
degranulated (few granules)
follicular

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18
Q

PD: Follicular cells form a ____ network that supports ____ cells. Some may have _____ function

A

stromal
chromophil
phagocytic

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19
Q

The two types of secretory cells in the pars distalis are ____ and _____

A

chromophiles and chromophobes

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20
Q

PD: Chromophiles can be _____ or ______

A

basophilic, acidophilic

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21
Q

PD: Acidophils stain with _____ and ______ but not _____. They secrete _____ ______.

A

eosin, orange G
PAS
peptide hormones

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22
Q

PD: Acidophils are usually _____ than basophils

A

smaller

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23
Q

PD: _____ are acidophils that produce growth hormone (_______) under control of growth hormone releasing factor and inhibiting factor (_______)

A

somatotrophs
somatotropin
somatostatin

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24
Q

PD: _____ are acidophils that produce prolactin. Prolactin stimulates and maintains ______ and concentration of prolactin increases during this process.

A

Mammotrophs

lactation

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25
Q

PD: Mammatrophs are under control of _____-releasing factor and prolactin-inhibiting factor (_____)

A

thyrotropin (TRF)

dopamine

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26
Q

PD: Basophilic staining chromophiles stain with _____ and other basic dyes. They secrete ____ hormones and are PAS ____.

A

hematoxylin
glycoprotein
positive

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27
Q

PD: Basophils are usually larger than acidophils and have ____ granules

A

fewer

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28
Q

PD: Gonadotrophs are ______ that secrete 2 hormones: _____ and _____

A

basophils

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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29
Q

PD: FSH stimulates development of ovarian ____ and acts on ____ cells to stimulate production of androgen binding protein

A

follicles

sertoli cells

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30
Q

PD: LH stimulates _____ in ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum. It also controls rate of testosterone synthesis by _____ cells.

A

steroidogenesis

leydig

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31
Q

PD: Corticotrophs produce ______. This stimulates growth and steroid synthesis in the zona ____ and zona _____ of adrenals

A

adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

fasciculata, reticularis

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32
Q

PD: Thryotrophs produce _____ (also called _____-_____ ______). This is under the control of _____.

A

thyrotropin aka thyroid stimulating hormone

TRF (thyrotropin releasing factors)

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33
Q

The pars nervosa (PN) consists of _____ axonal processes from cell bodies located in nuclei in the ______ and ______ (astrocyte-like glial cells that contain glial fibrillary acidic proteins).

A

non-myelinated
hypothalamus
pituicytes

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34
Q

PN: The neurons end in close proximity to a _____ _____ _____

A

fenestrated capillary network

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35
Q

PN: Axons have large, neurosecretory granule-fulled dilations near the axon terminal called _____ _____

A

herring bodies

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36
Q

PN: Hypothalamic neurons release ____ and _____ _____ (vasopressin) near the capillary plexus

A

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

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37
Q

PN: Oxytocin is produced primarily by __________ nucleus cells and secondarily by _____ nucleus cells.

A

para ventricular, supraoptic

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38
Q

PN: _____ stimulates milk ejection by mammary glands as well as _____ smooth muscle contraction during child birth

A

oxytocin

uterine

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39
Q

PN: Antidiuretic hormone is produced primarily by _____ nucleus cells and secondarily by ______ nucleus cells

A

supraoptic

para-ventricular

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40
Q

PN: Antidiuretic hormone stimulates water reabsorption by the ____ _____ _____ _____

A

renal medullary collecting ducts

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41
Q

PN: _____ is a binding/carrier protein that complexes with neurohypophyseal hormones for transport down axons

A

neurophysin

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42
Q

The pars intermedia contains _____ and ____ cells and ____cysts. These cysts are ____ epithelium lined cavities.

A

basophil, chromophobe
rathke’s
cuboidal

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43
Q

The ____ ____ is a highly vascular region that contains veins of the hypophyseal portal system. It contains mostly _____

A

pars tuberalis

gonadotropes

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44
Q

Name the 4 main basophils released by the adenohypophysis (shown in diagram page 4)

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

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45
Q

Name the 2 acidophils released by the adenophysis (diagram page)

A

growth hormone, prolactin

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46
Q

_____ is due to excess growth hormone

A

acromegaly

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47
Q

Prolactin secreting tumors can lead to ___ due to lack of ____

A

infertility, ovulation

48
Q

What is the most common cause of hypopituitarism?

A

pituitary tumors (adenomas)

49
Q

In ____ _____ _____, hormone-secreting cells of the anterior pituitary are destroyed, involving some or all of the hormones

A

primary (intrinsic) pituitary destruction

50
Q

Poor ____ lobe function leads to failure of lactation, amenorrhea, poor thyroid function, and adrenal insufficiency

A

anterior

51
Q

Poor ____ lobe function leads to diabetes insipidus, due to impairment of ____ ____ in distal renal tubuli. Also causes polyuria and polydipsia

A

posterior

water resorption

52
Q

The pineal gland is covered by ___ matter. There is/is not a blood-brain barrier concerning this organ.

A

pia, is not

53
Q

The pineal gland contains connective tissue septa called ____ that extend from the capsule and divide the gland into ____

A

trabeculae

lobules

54
Q

The pineal gland consists of _____ and ____ cells (aka interstitial cells)

A

pinealocytes, glial

55
Q

The major pinealocyte product is _____, which regulates the ____ cycle

A

melatonin, sleep

56
Q

Pinealocytes are slightly _____ with irregular lobulated nuclei and distinct ______. Silver stained cells appear to have long _____ branches

A

basophilic
nucleoli
tortuous

57
Q

Occasionally, ____ ____ (brain sand) is seen in the pineal gland. These are made of _____ phosphate or _____ carbonate granules, that are _____ in shape

A

corpora arenacea
calcium, calcium
lamellar

58
Q

What is the innervation of the pineal gland? Where do the nerves arise?

A

post ganglionic sympathetic nerves that originated in the superior cervical ganglion

59
Q

External _____ affects pineal gland function.

A

lighting

60
Q

Sunlight causes signals from retinal neurons to be relayed to the pineal gland, _____ secretion of melatonin.

A

inhibiting

61
Q

Pineal tumors may restrict CSF flow through the _____ __ ____, causing _____.

A

aqueduct of sylvius

hydrocephalous

62
Q

The thyroid gland is derived from the ____ portion of the alimentary canal ______

A

cephalic

endoderm

63
Q

The thyroid gland consists of __ lobes united by an ____

A

2, isthmus

64
Q

Thryoid lobes are made of _____ lined by ____ ____ epithelium. In inactive portions of the gland, the epithelium can be “almost” ____ in appearance. When active, the cells are more ____

A

lobules, simple cuboidal
squamous
columnar

65
Q

Follicles of the thryoid have _____ cells that secrete T3 and T4

A

principal

66
Q

Principal cells may have vesicles that are _____ ____ ____

A

colloidal reabsorption droplets

67
Q

Thryoid gland follicles are usually filled with an acidophilic staining ____. This contains _____ _____, which is the inactive storage form of thyroid hormones

A

colloid

glycoprotein thyroglobulin

68
Q

The thyroid gland has extensive blood and lymphatic capillary network surround the follicles. The endothelial cells in the capillaries are _____

A

fenestrated

69
Q

(Thryoid gland):

____ (__) cells are resposible for calcitonin secretion.

A

parafollicular (C cells)

70
Q

Parafollicular cells are found as part of the ____ epithelium or as isolated structures between the ____ _____

A

follicular

thyroid follicles

71
Q

Calcitonin ____ bone resorption by _____ osteoclast activity.

A

supresses, inhibiting

72
Q

Elevated blood calcium levels ____ calcitonin secretion. Secretion is _____ when calcium concentration falls below normal.

A

stimulates
supressed

note-PTH is more important in regulating blood Ca

73
Q

C cells are ____ than follicular cells. They stain poorly in humans and may appear ____ or ____

A

larger

clear, white

74
Q

Thyroglobulin is synthesized and glycosylated in the ____ of the thyroid ____.

A

rER (also glycosylated in the Golgi)

follicle

75
Q

Iodide is ____ transported into the cytosol across the basal plasma membrane of the thyroid follicle. It is ____ in the cytoplasm and then enters the ____ where it iodinates ____ residues on the thyroglobulin

A

actively
oxidized
colloid, tyrosine

76
Q

TSH released from the ____ ____ binds to TSH receptors of ____ cells. The cells then endocytose colloid which then combines with _____.

A

anterior pituitary
follicular
lysosomes

77
Q

Iodinated residues cleaved from ____, ____, and _____ are released into the cytosal and then at the plasma basal membrane

A

thyroglobulin, T3, T4

78
Q

Thyroxine= T__. Triiodothyronin=T_.

A

4, 3

79
Q

Thyroid hormone stimulates ____ of genes

A

transcription

80
Q

Thyroid hormone causes a general ____ in cellular metabolism

A

increase

81
Q

Thyroid hormones ____ carbohydrate metabolism, _____ synthesis of cholesterol+phospholipids+Triglycerides, and _____ synthesis of fatty acids

A

stimulates
decreases
increases

82
Q

Excessive production of thyroid hormone leads to weight ____, ____ heart rate+metabolism+respiration+appetite.

A

loss, increased

83
Q

____ production of thryoid hormones leads to muscle tremors, tiredness, and excessive menstrual bleeding

A

excess

84
Q

Insufficient iodine uptake leads to ____ T3/T4 production, which leads to ____ TSH production, which leads to goiter (follicular ______).

A

decreased
increased
hyperplasia

85
Q

Graves disease is a form of ______

A

hyperthyroidism

86
Q

Graves disease is caused by thryoid hyperfunction due to immunological dysfunction that produces a circulating _____ that has effects similar to ____

A

immunoglobulin

TSH

87
Q

_____ disease is due to autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in HYPOthyroidism

A

hashimoto’s

88
Q

In hashimoto’s disease, ____ ____ autoantibodies are produced. The thyroid is infiltrated with _____ and ____ cells

A

thyroid peroxidase

lymphocytes, plasma

89
Q

Thyroid cancer occurs 3-4x as often in ____ than ____.

A

women, men

90
Q

Hypothyroidism often exhibits _____, which is a localized skin disorder that causes swelling

A

myxedema

91
Q

____ glands are usually 4 small glands situated behind the thyroid gland. Each gland sits within a ____ ____ capsule. ____ extend from the capsule into the gland

A

parathyroid
connective tissue
septa

92
Q

Parathyroid glands have 2 main types of cells:

A

principal/chief cells, oxyphil cells

93
Q

Principal cells have irregular granules that contain ____ _____

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

94
Q

Parathyroid hormone _____ calcium in the body by _____ the number and activity of osteoclasts.

A

increases

stimulating

95
Q

PTH causes calcified bone matrix to be ____ and calcium is _____

A

reabsorbed, released

96
Q

PTH causes enhanced reabsorption of calcium from kidney _____ tubules and increases phosphate _____

A

distal

excretion

97
Q

PTH acts on the intestine to increase absorption of Ca from food by stimulating vitamin ___ synthesis, which stimulates synthesis of ____ binding protein in the intestine

A

D

calcium

98
Q

Oxyphil cells are ____ than chief cells. They stain intensely with eosin due to large numbers of _____. These appear after ____.

A

larger
mitochondria
puberty

99
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is caused by ____, ____, and mainly _____

A

hyperplasia, carcinoma, mainly adenoma

100
Q

Hyperparathyroidism causes increased blood ____ and blood ____ is low. Bone ____ may develop, as well as rubbery deformed bones, kidney stones, pancreatitis, peptic ulcers, and hypertension.

A

calcium
phosphate
cysts

101
Q

HYPOparathyroidism exhibits with decreased serum ____ and increased serum ____. It causes ____ (muscle spasms), muscle cramps, exaggerated reflexes, and jaw locks

A

calcium
phosphate
tetany

102
Q

The suprarenal gland has 2 layers: cortex, which is derived from _____, and the medulla, which is derived from ____ ____

A

mesoderm

neural crest

103
Q

The medulla consists of cells arranged in cords or clumps supported by a ____ ____ _____

A

reticular fiber network

104
Q

Medullary parenchymal cells (_____ cells) have numerous secretory granules that contain _____ and ____

A

chromaffin

epinephrin, norepinephrine

105
Q

Cells secreting epinephrine have _____ granules than those containing norepinephrine

A

smaller

106
Q

_____ _____ nerve cells may also be seen in the medulla

A

sympathetic ganglion

107
Q

The adrenal cortex consists of three layers or zones: from outer to inner–>

A

zona glomerulosa, fasiculata, reticularis

108
Q

Cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete _______ such as ______. Synthesis is stimulated by ______ and _____

A

mineralcorticoids
aldosterone
angiotensinsin 2, ACTH

remember, zona glomerulosa=SALT

109
Q

Cells of the zona fasiculata secrete ______ such as ____. These cells have ____ capillaries arranged longitudinally between columns of parenchymal cells

A

glucocorticoids
cortisol/corticosterone
sinusoidal

remember, zona fasiculata=SUGAR

110
Q

Cells of the zona reticularis secrete _____ such as ____

A 
gonadocorticoids
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)/androstenidone

remember, zona reticularis=SEX

111
Q

An adrenal medulla tumor, or ______, causes _____ and transient elevations in blood pressure. It is the most common adrenal tumor in _____

A

pheochromocytoma
hyperglycemia
adults

112
Q

A _____ is a common tumor in children and does not affect _____ ____.

A

neuroblastoma

blood pressure

113
Q

____ ____ is due to excess secretion of cortisol. It causes a round _____ face, high blood sugar, diabetes mellitus, ammenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, and emotionally _____

A

cushing syndrome
moon
labile

114
Q

_____ ____ is due to excess production of aldosterone. It cases excess ___ retention, which leads to _____ and _____

A

conn’s syndrome
water
hypertension, hypokalemia

115
Q

_____ _____ is due to adrenocorticol insufficiency. It causes weakness, nasuea, weight loss, and elevated _____ levels, which causes _____.

A

addison’s disease
ACTH
hyperpigmentation

116
Q

_____ _____ is acute corticol destruciton. ______ sepsis can also cause endotoxic shock

A

waterhouse-friderischen syndrome

meniogococcal

Histology Test 4-Brendan (4 decks)

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