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Histology Test 4-Brendan > Blood/hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood/hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood=2 things:

A

formed elements (Cells) + plasma

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2
Q

Plasma is made of 3 things: ____, ____, and _____. Major proteins include: ____, ____, _____.

A

Water, protein, solutes

fibrinogen, albumin, globulins

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3
Q

Erythrocytes have a _____ shape and are 7-8 um in diameter. They have no ___ or ____.

A

biconcave

nucleus, organelles

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4
Q

Erythrocytes use _____ for energy. They have _____ _____ that makes bicarbonate to buffer blood.

A

glucose

carbonic anhydrase

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5
Q

Erythrocytes stain _____. One third of the RBC mass is ____.

A

eisonophilic

hemoglobin

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6
Q

RBCs are destroyed in the liver, bone marrow, and the _____, which is the main area of destruction.

A

Spleen

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7
Q

____ are new RBC’s made from ____ ____

A

reticulocytes

bone marrow

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8
Q

Reticulocytes contain ____, unlike older RBCs.

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

____ ____ ____ is due to a genetic alteration in the hemoglobin beta-globin chain. It is due to single amino acid substitution: ____ is substituted for _____.

A

Sickle cell anemia

valine, glutamic acid

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10
Q

In sickle cell anemia, there is denaturation of ____. There is clustering of _____ protein, ____, and _____.

A

hemoglobin

band 3, ankyrin, spectrin

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11
Q

In sickle cell anemia, spectrin is defective. This causes diminished ability to transfer ____. This affects the ability of the membrane _____ to assemble and disassemble

A

ubiquitin

skeleton

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12
Q

Cells deformed by sickle cell anemia have difficulty passing through _____ sinuses. They get trapped and removed by _____.

A

splenic

macrophages

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13
Q

Sickle cells can also adhere to capillary ____ cells. This causes _____ of vessels

A

endothelial

occlusion

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14
Q

The spleen of patients with sickle cell anemia is _____ due to sequestration of sickle cells in the ____ and _____.

A

enlarged

cords, sinuses

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15
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis is an inherited disorder that causes defects in the RBC _____

A

membrane

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16
Q

Spherocytic RBCs have a more _____ and less ____ cell. They are susceptible to destruction by ____ ____

A

spherical
deformable
splenic macrophages

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17
Q

What is the relationship of spectrin, band 3, the RBC membrane, and ankryin?

A

Spectrin attaches to ankryin, which attaches to Band 3, which is located on the rbc membrane.

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18
Q

Spherocytes have a deficiency in ______. These lack a ____ ___ ___ in blood smears.

A

spectrin

central pale zone

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19
Q

Spherocytes have an inability to alter their ____. This results in sequestration in the splenic ____ and failure to pass into splenic ____, enabling destruction by splenic ____.

A

shape
cords
sinuses
macrophages

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20
Q

Patients with hereditary spherocytosis exhibit ____ and ____.

A

anemia, enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)

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21
Q

____ _____ are indicative of denature Hb (ie in sickle cell anemia)

A

Heinz bodies

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22
Q

____ are cell fragements derived from ____ in the bone marrow.

A

platelets, megakaryocytes

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23
Q

Three functions of platelets:

A

blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

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24
Q

Platelets contain ____ granules, which are lysosomal in character, and dense core granules, which contain _____, ____, ____, and ____

A

alpha
serotonin, ADP, ATP, calcium

not sure if we need to know the different granules

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25
Q

Platelets contain numerous cytoplasmic ____. Importantly, they are a source of ____ compounds, such as thromboxane A2 (derived from _______ metabolism)

A

microtubules
vasoactive
cyclo-oxygenase

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26
Q

Upon activation, platelets change from their ____ shape to a more ____ appearance, with extensive ____ of the cell membrane that is associated with rearrangements of the cytoplasm (MT redistribution, rapid polymerization of actin into _____)

A

discoid
flattened
ruffling
microfilaments

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27
Q

There are three granulocytes associated with the blood:

A

Neutrophil, basophil, eisonophil

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28
Q

The neutrophil is a granulocyte with a ___ lobed nucleus (can have more lobes when mature).

A

3

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29
Q

Neutrophils are terminally differentiated and do not undergo ____. They release _____ compounds, then die

A

mitosis
vasoactive

RIP

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30
Q

The_____ is the first phagocytic cell to appear during inflammation. It is the most abundant of the ____

A

neutrophil

WBCs (white blood cells)

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31
Q

Neutrophils contain specific granules–>small ones with ____ ____ and antibacterial proteins called ____.

A

alkaline phosphatase

phagocytins

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32
Q

Neutrophils also contain large azurophilic granules with ____ and lysosomal enzymes. These produce ______.

A

myeloperoxidases

superoxides

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33
Q

Immature neutrophills are called ___ or ____ cells and have horse-shoe shaped nucleus. They are pumped out during ____ ____

A

stab, band

acute infection

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34
Q

_____ are granulocytes that contain large basophilic granules which contain _____ enzymes, _____, heparan sulfate, and _____ reacting substance. They also secrete _____ factor.

A

basophils
hydrolytic, histamines, slow
chemotactic

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35
Q

Basophils have a ____ nucleus. They bind ____ similar to mast cells (in the tissue)

A

lobed
IgE

basophils=in blood
mast cells=in tissue

36
Q

_____ are granulocytes with large eisonophilic granules that contain arylsufatase, histaminase, ____ phosphatase, _____, and _____

A

eisonophils
acid
ribonuclease, peroxidase

37
Q

_____ in eisonophils acts to decrease severity of allergic reactions

A

histaminase

38
Q

Eisonophils increase in numbers during ____ reactions and ____ infections. They leave the blood stream and enter ____ ___.

A

allergic, PARASTIC (important)

connective tissue

39
Q

Eisonophilic granules contain specific granules containing _____

A

crystalloids

don’t know if we need to know

40
Q

_____ are the biggest of the cells in blood. They are an agranular phagocytic leukocyte with an oval to ____ shaped nucleus

A

monocytes

reniform (kidney bean)_

41
Q

Monocytes are special in that they are not _____ _____,.

A

terminally differentiated

42
Q

When the monocyte moves from blood into the tissue space, it differentiates into other cells, including: 3 types listed

A

macrophage, osteoclast, giant cells

43
Q

Monocytes are important in regulation of _____ _____ and inflammation

A

immune response

44
Q

There are 3 types of this mononuclear cell: small, medium, and large.–>__________

A

lymphocytes

large is still smaller than the monocyte

45
Q

There is very little ____ evident in lymphocytes

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

_-lymphocytes are derived from bone marrow and mature in the thymus. _-lymphocytes are derived from bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells.

A

T, B

47
Q

large granular lymphocytes (Called ___ cells) may differentiate into natural killer cells or ___ cells.

A

null

killer

48
Q

Bone marrow is more _____ in fetuses than in adults

A

hematopoietic

49
Q

In general, T cells have ____ surface projections than B cells

A

fewer

50
Q

Adult bone marrow is less hematopoietic than fetal bone marrow because it regresses from the hematopoietic ___ marrow to the resting, __-storing ___ marrow

A

red

fat, yellow

51
Q

In the adult, red marrow may be present in 6 main areas:

A

vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, proximal femur

52
Q

Bone marrow is typically taken from the ____ ____

A

illiac crest

53
Q

Cells that are activated in the bone marrow move into the ____ _____

A

vascular/venous sinus

54
Q

Pluripotent stem cells can become one of two progenitor cells that relate to hematopiesis:

A

myeloid progenitor

lymphoid progenitor

55
Q

Erythrocytes and platelets are derived from _____ progenitor cells

A

myeloid

56
Q

Basophils and Eisonophils are derived from _____ progenitor cells

A

myeloid

57
Q

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and Natural killer cells are derived from ____ progenitor cells

A

lymphoid

58
Q

Neutrophils and monocytes are derived from ____ progenitor cells

A

myeloid

59
Q

Derivatives of myeloid progenitor cells: 6 listed

A

erythrocytes, platelets, basophiles, eisonophils, neutrophils, monocytes

60
Q

Derivatives of lymphoid progenitor cells: 3 listed

A

B, T lymphocytes; Natural killer cells

61
Q

Differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells is stimulated by various cytokines that are _____-_____ factors

A

colony stimulating

62
Q

_____ from the kidney causes CFU-E cells to differentiate into erythroblasts

A

erythropoietin

63
Q

Erythropoiesis: ribosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm–called a _____ ______

A

basophilic erythroblast

64
Q

Erythropoiesis: ribosomes bind hemoglobin mRNA, synthesize hemoglobin which reduces the cell basophilia–called a ____ _____

A

polychromatic erythroblast

65
Q

Erythropoiesis: when hemaglobin concentration increases, the cytoplasm stains paink–called a ____ ____, or a _____

A

orthochromatic erythroblast; normoblast

66
Q

The stages of erythroblast formation are based on ____ content. The three erythroblasts, in order, are:

A

hemoglobin

basophilic–>polychromatic–>orthochromatic (also called normoblast)

67
Q

Erythropoiesis: As hemoglobin accumulates, the ____ condenses and undergoes a heterochromatic involution

A

nucleus

68
Q

Erythropoiesis: The erythrocyte is formed when the cell sheds the ____ and most of the ____ and _____

A

nucleus

mitochondria, polyribosomes

69
Q

Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs degrades into ____ and other materials which are excreted into ____. The other degradation product from RBCs is ____, which is transferred by the serum glycoprotein ___ to bone marrow, where it is used to synthesize new ____.

A

bilirubin, bile

iron, transferin, hemoglobin

70
Q

Granulocytes develop from ____ cells

A

CFU-S

71
Q

Granulopoiesis (G*): The first recognizable granulocyte precursor is the ____, which has a large euchromatic nucleus with several ___ and no ____ in a basophilic cytoplasm

A

myeloblast
nuclei, granules

G* is just an abbreviation i’m using

72
Q

G*: the cell becomes a ____ from a myeloblast when the cytoplasm accumulates a few ____ granules. The nucleus accumulates _____ and a slight indentation occurs.

A

promyelocyte
azurophillic (non-specific)
heterochromatin

73
Q

G*: ____ differentiation begins as neutrophillic, eisonophillic, or basophilic ____ granules accumulate in the cytoplasm and the nucleus begins to condense and lobulate

A

promyelocyte

specific

74
Q

G*: the most mature cell in granulopoiesis is the ____, which has accumulated many specific granules but has yet to complete the process of nuclear ____ and ____.

A

metamyelocytes

condensation, lobulation

75
Q

Overall granulopoiesis: ____–>____–>____

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, metamyelocyte

76
Q

Monopoiesis and Lymphopoiesis: Monocytes develop from the same CFU-S cells as _____. However, there is a different developmental process that includes ___ and ____ stages

A

granulocytes

monoblast, promonocyte

77
Q

____ develop from lymphoblasts, which are derived from CFU-___ cells

A

lymphocytes, Ly

78
Q

Thrombopoisis (T*): ____ are platelet precursors that develop from megakaryoblasts (differentiated __-cells) in response to _____.

A

megakaryocytes
CFU-S
thrombopoietin

79
Q

T*: _____ are very big (100 uM) and exist only in bone marrow. They have a _____ cell that does not divide but becomes larger with the nucleus becoming polyploid by a process of ____.

A

megakaryocytes
multi-lobulated
endomitosis

80
Q

T*: In the bone marrow vascular channels, megakaryocytes slowly release small ____ fragments called ____ into the blood stream

A

cytoplasmic

platelets

81
Q

T*: Megakaryocytes fragment when the cell plasma membrane fuses with ____ __ membranes

A

smooth ER

82
Q

T*: Platelets get fragmented off of ____ processes into _____

A

megakaryocyte

sinuses

83
Q

_____ _____ ____: rapid growth of immature white blood cells. Common in KIDS*.

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

84
Q

____ ____ ____: Unregulated growth of white blood cells from meyloid lineage. Common in ADULTS**

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

85
Q

____ ____ ____: B cell cancer mainly in adult males

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

86
Q

____ ____ ____: unregulated growth of myeloid cells (neutrophils, basophils, eisonophils) in bone marrow. Due to translocation between chromosomes _ and _. Also called a ____ _____ translocation

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia.
9, 22
Philadelphia chromosome

Histology Test 4-Brendan (4 decks)

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