Blood/hemopoiesis Flashcards
Blood=2 things:
formed elements (Cells) + plasma
Plasma is made of 3 things: ____, ____, and _____. Major proteins include: ____, ____, _____.
Water, protein, solutes
fibrinogen, albumin, globulins
Erythrocytes have a _____ shape and are 7-8 um in diameter. They have no ___ or ____.
biconcave
nucleus, organelles
Erythrocytes use _____ for energy. They have _____ _____ that makes bicarbonate to buffer blood.
glucose
carbonic anhydrase
Erythrocytes stain _____. One third of the RBC mass is ____.
eisonophilic
hemoglobin
RBCs are destroyed in the liver, bone marrow, and the _____, which is the main area of destruction.
Spleen
____ are new RBC’s made from ____ ____
reticulocytes
bone marrow
Reticulocytes contain ____, unlike older RBCs.
mitochondria
____ ____ ____ is due to a genetic alteration in the hemoglobin beta-globin chain. It is due to single amino acid substitution: ____ is substituted for _____.
Sickle cell anemia
valine, glutamic acid
In sickle cell anemia, there is denaturation of ____. There is clustering of _____ protein, ____, and _____.
hemoglobin
band 3, ankyrin, spectrin
In sickle cell anemia, spectrin is defective. This causes diminished ability to transfer ____. This affects the ability of the membrane _____ to assemble and disassemble
ubiquitin
skeleton
Cells deformed by sickle cell anemia have difficulty passing through _____ sinuses. They get trapped and removed by _____.
splenic
macrophages
Sickle cells can also adhere to capillary ____ cells. This causes _____ of vessels
endothelial
occlusion
The spleen of patients with sickle cell anemia is _____ due to sequestration of sickle cells in the ____ and _____.
enlarged
cords, sinuses
Hereditary spherocytosis is an inherited disorder that causes defects in the RBC _____
membrane
Spherocytic RBCs have a more _____ and less ____ cell. They are susceptible to destruction by ____ ____
spherical
deformable
splenic macrophages
What is the relationship of spectrin, band 3, the RBC membrane, and ankryin?
Spectrin attaches to ankryin, which attaches to Band 3, which is located on the rbc membrane.
Spherocytes have a deficiency in ______. These lack a ____ ___ ___ in blood smears.
spectrin
central pale zone
Spherocytes have an inability to alter their ____. This results in sequestration in the splenic ____ and failure to pass into splenic ____, enabling destruction by splenic ____.
shape
cords
sinuses
macrophages
Patients with hereditary spherocytosis exhibit ____ and ____.
anemia, enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
____ _____ are indicative of denature Hb (ie in sickle cell anemia)
Heinz bodies
____ are cell fragements derived from ____ in the bone marrow.
platelets, megakaryocytes
Three functions of platelets:
blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution
Platelets contain ____ granules, which are lysosomal in character, and dense core granules, which contain _____, ____, ____, and ____
alpha
serotonin, ADP, ATP, calcium
not sure if we need to know the different granules
Platelets contain numerous cytoplasmic ____. Importantly, they are a source of ____ compounds, such as thromboxane A2 (derived from _______ metabolism)
microtubules
vasoactive
cyclo-oxygenase
Upon activation, platelets change from their ____ shape to a more ____ appearance, with extensive ____ of the cell membrane that is associated with rearrangements of the cytoplasm (MT redistribution, rapid polymerization of actin into _____)
discoid
flattened
ruffling
microfilaments
There are three granulocytes associated with the blood:
Neutrophil, basophil, eisonophil
The neutrophil is a granulocyte with a ___ lobed nucleus (can have more lobes when mature).
3
Neutrophils are terminally differentiated and do not undergo ____. They release _____ compounds, then die
mitosis
vasoactive
RIP
The_____ is the first phagocytic cell to appear during inflammation. It is the most abundant of the ____
neutrophil
WBCs (white blood cells)
Neutrophils contain specific granules–>small ones with ____ ____ and antibacterial proteins called ____.
alkaline phosphatase
phagocytins
Neutrophils also contain large azurophilic granules with ____ and lysosomal enzymes. These produce ______.
myeloperoxidases
superoxides
Immature neutrophills are called ___ or ____ cells and have horse-shoe shaped nucleus. They are pumped out during ____ ____
stab, band
acute infection
_____ are granulocytes that contain large basophilic granules which contain _____ enzymes, _____, heparan sulfate, and _____ reacting substance. They also secrete _____ factor.
basophils
hydrolytic, histamines, slow
chemotactic
Basophils have a ____ nucleus. They bind ____ similar to mast cells (in the tissue)
lobed
IgE
basophils=in blood
mast cells=in tissue
_____ are granulocytes with large eisonophilic granules that contain arylsufatase, histaminase, ____ phosphatase, _____, and _____
eisonophils
acid
ribonuclease, peroxidase
_____ in eisonophils acts to decrease severity of allergic reactions
histaminase
Eisonophils increase in numbers during ____ reactions and ____ infections. They leave the blood stream and enter ____ ___.
allergic, PARASTIC (important)
connective tissue
Eisonophilic granules contain specific granules containing _____
crystalloids
don’t know if we need to know
_____ are the biggest of the cells in blood. They are an agranular phagocytic leukocyte with an oval to ____ shaped nucleus
monocytes
reniform (kidney bean)_
Monocytes are special in that they are not _____ _____,.
terminally differentiated
When the monocyte moves from blood into the tissue space, it differentiates into other cells, including: 3 types listed
macrophage, osteoclast, giant cells
Monocytes are important in regulation of _____ _____ and inflammation
immune response
There are 3 types of this mononuclear cell: small, medium, and large.–>__________
lymphocytes
large is still smaller than the monocyte
There is very little ____ evident in lymphocytes
cytoplasm
_-lymphocytes are derived from bone marrow and mature in the thymus. _-lymphocytes are derived from bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells.
T, B
large granular lymphocytes (Called ___ cells) may differentiate into natural killer cells or ___ cells.
null
killer
Bone marrow is more _____ in fetuses than in adults
hematopoietic
In general, T cells have ____ surface projections than B cells
fewer
Adult bone marrow is less hematopoietic than fetal bone marrow because it regresses from the hematopoietic ___ marrow to the resting, __-storing ___ marrow
red
fat, yellow
In the adult, red marrow may be present in 6 main areas:
vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, proximal femur
Bone marrow is typically taken from the ____ ____
illiac crest
Cells that are activated in the bone marrow move into the ____ _____
vascular/venous sinus
Pluripotent stem cells can become one of two progenitor cells that relate to hematopiesis:
myeloid progenitor
lymphoid progenitor
Erythrocytes and platelets are derived from _____ progenitor cells
myeloid
Basophils and Eisonophils are derived from _____ progenitor cells
myeloid
B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and Natural killer cells are derived from ____ progenitor cells
lymphoid
Neutrophils and monocytes are derived from ____ progenitor cells
myeloid
Derivatives of myeloid progenitor cells: 6 listed
erythrocytes, platelets, basophiles, eisonophils, neutrophils, monocytes
Derivatives of lymphoid progenitor cells: 3 listed
B, T lymphocytes; Natural killer cells
Differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells is stimulated by various cytokines that are _____-_____ factors
colony stimulating
_____ from the kidney causes CFU-E cells to differentiate into erythroblasts
erythropoietin
Erythropoiesis: ribosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm–called a _____ ______
basophilic erythroblast
Erythropoiesis: ribosomes bind hemoglobin mRNA, synthesize hemoglobin which reduces the cell basophilia–called a ____ _____
polychromatic erythroblast
Erythropoiesis: when hemaglobin concentration increases, the cytoplasm stains paink–called a ____ ____, or a _____
orthochromatic erythroblast; normoblast
The stages of erythroblast formation are based on ____ content. The three erythroblasts, in order, are:
hemoglobin
basophilic–>polychromatic–>orthochromatic (also called normoblast)
Erythropoiesis: As hemoglobin accumulates, the ____ condenses and undergoes a heterochromatic involution
nucleus
Erythropoiesis: The erythrocyte is formed when the cell sheds the ____ and most of the ____ and _____
nucleus
mitochondria, polyribosomes
Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs degrades into ____ and other materials which are excreted into ____. The other degradation product from RBCs is ____, which is transferred by the serum glycoprotein ___ to bone marrow, where it is used to synthesize new ____.
bilirubin, bile
iron, transferin, hemoglobin
Granulocytes develop from ____ cells
CFU-S
Granulopoiesis (G*): The first recognizable granulocyte precursor is the ____, which has a large euchromatic nucleus with several ___ and no ____ in a basophilic cytoplasm
myeloblast
nuclei, granules
G* is just an abbreviation i’m using
G*: the cell becomes a ____ from a myeloblast when the cytoplasm accumulates a few ____ granules. The nucleus accumulates _____ and a slight indentation occurs.
promyelocyte
azurophillic (non-specific)
heterochromatin
G*: ____ differentiation begins as neutrophillic, eisonophillic, or basophilic ____ granules accumulate in the cytoplasm and the nucleus begins to condense and lobulate
promyelocyte
specific
G*: the most mature cell in granulopoiesis is the ____, which has accumulated many specific granules but has yet to complete the process of nuclear ____ and ____.
metamyelocytes
condensation, lobulation
Overall granulopoiesis: ____–>____–>____
myeloblast, promyelocyte, metamyelocyte
Monopoiesis and Lymphopoiesis: Monocytes develop from the same CFU-S cells as _____. However, there is a different developmental process that includes ___ and ____ stages
granulocytes
monoblast, promonocyte
____ develop from lymphoblasts, which are derived from CFU-___ cells
lymphocytes, Ly
Thrombopoisis (T*): ____ are platelet precursors that develop from megakaryoblasts (differentiated __-cells) in response to _____.
megakaryocytes
CFU-S
thrombopoietin
T*: _____ are very big (100 uM) and exist only in bone marrow. They have a _____ cell that does not divide but becomes larger with the nucleus becoming polyploid by a process of ____.
megakaryocytes
multi-lobulated
endomitosis
T*: In the bone marrow vascular channels, megakaryocytes slowly release small ____ fragments called ____ into the blood stream
cytoplasmic
platelets
T*: Megakaryocytes fragment when the cell plasma membrane fuses with ____ __ membranes
smooth ER
T*: Platelets get fragmented off of ____ processes into _____
megakaryocyte
sinuses
_____ _____ ____: rapid growth of immature white blood cells. Common in KIDS*.
acute lymphocytic leukemia
____ ____ ____: Unregulated growth of white blood cells from meyloid lineage. Common in ADULTS**
acute myelogenous leukemia
____ ____ ____: B cell cancer mainly in adult males
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
____ ____ ____: unregulated growth of myeloid cells (neutrophils, basophils, eisonophils) in bone marrow. Due to translocation between chromosomes _ and _. Also called a ____ _____ translocation
chronic myelogenous leukemia.
9, 22
Philadelphia chromosome
