Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

Endocrine System: several glands that release hormones directly into the circulatory system, carries them to target organs where they exert effects.

For Example: hormones initiate chemical reactions w/in cells by activating enzymes.

others act like neurotransmitters and alter the permeability of cell membranes.

most disorders ahve physical and psychological symptoms.

Question 2

Pituitary Gland

Answer 2

Pituitary Gland = the master gland! secretes: antidiuretic hormone (ADH), somatotropic growth hormone, and has a lot of influence on other endocrine glands.

1. ADH: acts in the kidneys to mediate fluid retention.
   
   1. hypersecretion of ADH = diabetes insipidus (excessive water loss).
2. Somatotropic HR: stimulates muscle and skeletal growth and promotes protein synthesis.
   
   1. Childhood: hypersecretion gives giantism and Hyposecretion produces dwarfism
   2. Adults: Hypersecretion gives acromegaly which is grossly enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.

Question 3

Thyroid Gland

Answer 3

Thyroid Gland = secretion of thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

Hypersecretion: Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease) = rapid metabolism, high body temp, heat intoloerance, big appetite with weight loss, fast heart rate, agitation, emotional, fatigue, insomnia, reduced attention span.

**Hyposecretion: Hypothyroidism = **slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slowed heart rate, lowered body temp, lethargy, depression, low sex drive, apathy, confusion, and imparied concentration/memory.

Question 4

Pancreas

Answer 4

Pancreas: controls release of Insulin: uptake and use of glucose and amino acids.

Hyperinsulinism causes Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) because too much insulin uses more glucose!

1. produces hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression and confusion.
2. Hypoglycemia: may be it’s own condition as a complication of diabetes, liver disease, pancreatic tumor or certain drugs.

Hypoinsulinism gives Hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus) or too much blood sugar.

1. increased appetite with weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, infection susceptibility, apaty, confusion, mental dullness.
2. Type 2 Diabetes: sudden increase in glucose levels is associated with onset of negative mood and impaired concentraion, working memory, speed of processing and other cognitive symptoms. need a shot!