Divisions of the nervous system

Question 1

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System (Autonomic NS)

Answer 1

1. Somatic Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System
   
   1. Parasympathetic Nervous System
   2. Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 2

CNS

Central Nervous System

Answer 2

CNS

1. Spinal Cord
2. Brain
   
   1. Hindbrain
      
      1. pons
      2. medulla
      3. cerebellum
   2. Midbrain
      
      1. Superior & Inferior Colliculi
      2. Substantia Nigra
      3. Reticular Formation/RAS
   3. Forebrain
      
      1. Subcortical: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, Amygdala, Hippocampus
      2. Cerebral: Frontal lobes, Parietal lobes, Temporal lobes, Occipital lobes.

Question 3

CNS Parts

Answer 3

brain:

1. numerous structures that are highly interrelated in function.
2. structures distinguised by the kinds of neurons they contain, ways the neurons are arranged, and the way the axons are distributed.

Question 4

SPINAL CORD

Answer 4

1. bundles of myelinated axons as well as dendrites, cell bodies, and interneurons.
2. carry info between brain and the PNS, coordinates activities of the left and right sides of the body, and controls simple reflexes that do not involve the brain.
3. 31 segments divided to 5 groups from top to bottom:
   
   1. cervical
   2. thoracic
   3. lumbar
   4. sacral
   5. coccygeal

Question 5

Spinal Cord Injuries

Answer 5

consequences of spinal cord injuries depend on location.

1. Cervical: quadriplegia (tetraplegia) loss of sensory and voluntary motor functioing in the arms and legs.
2. Thoracic: paraplegia, loss of sensory motor in legs.
   
   1. complete transection at and below injury.
   2. incomplete transection: some sensory motor maintained below injury site.

Question 6

Brain and CNS Protection

Answer 6

1. encased in bone and covered by 3 membranes (meninges)
   
   1. dura mater, arachnoid-(sub arachnoid space)-pia mater
2. cerebrospinal fluid (CNF): fills the
   
   1. subarachnoid space,
   2. the central canal of the spinal cord
   3. 4 cerebral ventricles

Question 7

ventricular abnormalities

Answer 7

Hydrocephalus

obstruction of the flow of the CSF and results in build up of fluid, enlargement of the ventricles, pressure, and possbile Schizophrenia.

Question 8

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 8

1. made up of nerves (bundles of axons) taht relay messages between the CNS and the body’s sensory organs, musckles, and glands.
2. 12 pairs of cranial nerves that connect directly to the brain and the 31 sets of sensory and motor nerves (spinal nerves) that connect with the spinal cord.
3. divided into the
   
   1. somatic nervous system
   2. autonomic nervous system

Question 9

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Answer 9

1. sensory nerves that carry info from the body’s sense receptors to the CNS and
2. motor nerves carry info from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
3. Somatic Nervous System governs activities that are ordinarily considered voluntary.

Question 10

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Answer 10

1. sensory nerves that convey signals from the receptors in the viscera to the CNS and
2. motor nerves taht carry signals from the CNS to the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.
3. ANS: primarily associated with involuntary activities, biofeeback, hypnosis, and other techniques have shownthat some ANS activities can be brought under voluntary control.

Question 11

ANS

Sympathetic Branch

Parasympathetic Branch

Answer 11

1. Sympathetic: arousal and expenditure of energy.
   
   1. threat: dilation of pupils, inhibition of peristalsis, dry mouth, sweating, increased blood pressure, and heart rate to get ready for ‘fight or flight’
2. **Parasympathetic: **conservation of energy and is active during digestion and periods of rest and relaxation.
   
   1. meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback are used to foster the relaxation response by activating the parasympathetic response.

work in opposition, but often function cooperatively!

sex: parasympathetic mediates erection while the sympathetic stimulates ejaculation.