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Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Substance originating in an organ, gland or body part that is secreted directly into the bloodstream and carried to another part of the body to began a chemical action to increase the activity of that part or to increase another secretion

A

Hormone

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1
Q

Growth hormone

A

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that regulates cell division and protein synthesis needed for growth

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2
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that protects against stress and is used in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucocorticoid steroid

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3
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that is primarily involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolytes through the actions of ion transport in the renal tubes

A

Mineral corticoid

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4
Q

Steroid

A

Hormone produced by adrenal cortex

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5
Q

Endogens

A

Produced or arising from within a cell or organism itself

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6
Q

Exogens

A

Originating outside the cell or organism

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7
Q

Replacement therapy

A

Therapeutic replacement of lost body substances

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8
Q

Secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of another hormone; also known as the stimulating hormone

A

Tropic hormone

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9
Q

Target organ

A

Site to which the effects of a drug or therapeutic agent are primarily directed

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10
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease that reduces bone mass

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12
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Decreased blood glucose level

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13
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Increased blood glucose level

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14
Q

A stimulus produces a response that reverses or reduces a previous stimulation, thereby stopping the initial response

A

Negative feedback

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15
Q

Symptoms common to endocrine diseases

A

Mental deviations, exceptional changes in energy level, skin-hair-nail changes, blood pressure changes, sexual irregularities, changes in urinary output, heart irregularities

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16
Q

Common side effects for medications for endocrine disorders

A

Nervousness, increased appetite, headache, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, edema, weight gain

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17
Q

What may hormones be used for

A

Replacement therapy, therapeutically, endocrine diagnostic testing, inflammatory processes

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18
Q

What are somatotropins also known as

A

Growth hormone

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19
Q

Are somatotropins expensive

A

Yes

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20
Q

How may somatropins affect blood sugars

A

May increase or decrease

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21
Q

How does somatotropin hyper-secretion affect adults

A

Acromegaly

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22
Q

How does somatotropin hypo- secretion affect children

A

Dwarfism

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23
Q

Are somatotropins prescribed for any short child

A

No

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24
What are the three thyroid hormones
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
25
Hypo-secretion of thyroid hormones is what in children
Cretinism | (absence / deficiency
26
Hypo secretion of thyroid hormones is what in adults
Thickening of skin, blunting of senses & intellect, labored breathing
27
What does calcitonin regulate
Calcium levels
28
What regulates calcitonin
Parathyroid glands
29
Hypo-secretion of calcitonin may be the result of what situations
Lack of iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid, radiation therapy
30
What time should we take replacement medication and how long will replacement therapy last
Take in the morning to prevent insomnia. Replacement is lifelong
31
What do we evaluate in a patient who is taking long term steroid therapy
Weight gain, electrolyte imbalance, cardiac function, sodium and water retention
32
How do Glucocorticoid steroid act on the body
They are potent anti- inflammatory agents
33
What are the adverse effects of Glucococorticoid steroid
Buffalo hump & moon face
34
What do glucocorticoid steroids cause the kidney to do
Retention of sodium
35
How may glucocorticoid steroids be administered
IM, IA, topically, oral
36
What is the distinct method of dosing for glucocorticoid steroids
Alternate day therapy & declining dosage
37
Can insulin be given orally
No
38
What does insulin aid in utilizing
Glucose. for energy
39
What is insulin used to convert
Glucose for energy
40
What does insulin do to blood sugar
Lowers or decreases them
41
List sources of insulin
Beef, pork, human recombinant DNA, human derivatives
42
What life expectancies increase the need for insulin
Stress, pregnancy, illness, trauma
43
How is insulin administered
Injection (preferred) & inhalation
44
Are there variations in insulin per onset and course of action? If yes how do they vary?
Yes. some are rapid acting, moderate and long lasting, time of onset, peak of action, duration of action
45
Insulin. | Name DNA derivatives
Humulin, novalin, lantus
46
Insulin. | Name animal derivatives
Iletin & purified
47
Insulin. | Name a modified derivative and list why it is the preferred insulin
Humalogy - because is from human form, less antigenic
48
Insulins. | List the types from shortest to longest onset of action
Lispro-Humalog Regular NPH/Lente Untralente, Lantus
49
Insulins. | List the types from shortest to longest duration of action
``` Lispro-Humalog Regular NPH/Lente Untralente Lantus ```
50
How do we store pre filled syringes
Vertically with the needle up to prevent clogging and refrigerated
51
How long can regular insulin be stored at room temperature
2-4 weeks
52
Which insulins need to be discarded of cloudy
Lispro, Lantus, regular
53
List the signs and symtoms of Hypoglycemia / insulin shock
Sudden onset, pale moist skin, fast pulse, no change in BP, shallow respirations
54
List the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia / diabetic coma
Dry flushed skin, fruity breath, intense thirst, low BP, fast weak pulse
55
List the insulin delivery systems
Pen w/cartridge, jet injecter, portable insulin pump, intransal spray, patch, inhaled powders
56
What are the most common side effects to insulin
Hypoglycemia, blurred vision
57
Does smoking delay absorption of insulin
Yes
58
Insulin. | OTC preps cause problems in
DM patients
59
Does pregnancy increase the need for insulin
Yes
60
Insulin. | What do we worry about with diabetics and OTC preps
Sugar content
61
Does pregnancy increase or decrease the need for insulin
Increases
62
How long should a patient wait after insulin administration to smoke and why?
At least 30 mins because smoke delays absorption
63
DM1 patients are most frequently given what med for treatment
Insulin
64
DM2 patients are most frequently given what meds for treatment
Sulfonylureas
65
How do anti-diabetic meds work
They enter the beta-cells, causing release of insulin, thereby lowering blood sugar levels
66
Do DM2 patients secrete any endogenous insulin
Yes
67
What is the goal of treatment
To keep blood glucose levels in check
68
Other than meds, what is important to teach the diabetic patient about their treatment of DM
Lifestyle and diet change
69
Sulfonylureas are derivatives of what
Sulfonamide antibiotics
70
Do sulfonylureas have various times of onsets and durations
Yes & yes
71
How do sulfonylureas work on the body
They enter the beta cells, causing release of insulin in the pancreas, lowering blood sugars
72
What effect of sulfonylureas is most severe in the elderly, debilitated, or malnourished patient
Hypoglycemia
73
How do thiazolidinediones or glitazones work NIDDM
Increase activity | they work with NIDDM that may not respond to other meds
74
What kind of DM are thiazolidinediones useful in
Type 2 | insulin resistant
75
What are the side effects of thiazolidinediones
Headache edema & weight gain
76
Do thiazolidinediones cause hypoglycemia
No
77
How might avandia & actos interact with oral contraceptives
30% loss of contraception protection
78
Hyperglycemics are used for what diseases
Pancreatic cancer
79
What are the side effects of Hyperglycemics
Constipation, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea vomiting, heart conditions
80
What do we teach patients about insulin injection sites
Rotate
81
What does thyroid replacement therapy do in patients who also have DM
Levels need to be monitored
82
What must be done prior to discontinuing prolonged steroid use
Administer declining dosages, then taper off
83
What are the increased risks of steroid use with the digitalis group and NSAIDs
Increased digoxin toxicity, increased bleeding tendencies, & increased ulcers
84
How do target hormones respond to target organs
They go to the organ and attach to it.
85
What endocrine organ controls target hormones
The hypothalamus

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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