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Pharmacology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Substance originating in an organ, gland or body part that is secreted directly into the bloodstream and carried to another part of the body to began a chemical action to increase the activity of that part or to increase another secretion

A

Hormone

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1
Q

Growth hormone

A

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that regulates cell division and protein synthesis needed for growth

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2
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that protects against stress and is used in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucocorticoid steroid

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3
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that is primarily involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolytes through the actions of ion transport in the renal tubes

A

Mineral corticoid

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4
Q

Steroid

A

Hormone produced by adrenal cortex

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5
Q

Endogens

A

Produced or arising from within a cell or organism itself

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6
Q

Exogens

A

Originating outside the cell or organism

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7
Q

Replacement therapy

A

Therapeutic replacement of lost body substances

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8
Q

Secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production of another hormone; also known as the stimulating hormone

A

Tropic hormone

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9
Q

Target organ

A

Site to which the effects of a drug or therapeutic agent are primarily directed

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10
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disease that reduces bone mass

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12
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Decreased blood glucose level

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13
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Increased blood glucose level

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14
Q

A stimulus produces a response that reverses or reduces a previous stimulation, thereby stopping the initial response

A

Negative feedback

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15
Q

Symptoms common to endocrine diseases

A

Mental deviations, exceptional changes in energy level, skin-hair-nail changes, blood pressure changes, sexual irregularities, changes in urinary output, heart irregularities

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16
Q

Common side effects for medications for endocrine disorders

A

Nervousness, increased appetite, headache, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, edema, weight gain

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17
Q

What may hormones be used for

A

Replacement therapy, therapeutically, endocrine diagnostic testing, inflammatory processes

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18
Q

What are somatotropins also known as

A

Growth hormone

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19
Q

Are somatotropins expensive

A

Yes

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20
Q

How may somatropins affect blood sugars

A

May increase or decrease

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21
Q

How does somatotropin hyper-secretion affect adults

A

Acromegaly

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22
Q

How does somatotropin hypo- secretion affect children

A

Dwarfism

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23
Q

Are somatotropins prescribed for any short child

A

No

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24
Q

What are the three thyroid hormones

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

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25
Q

Hypo-secretion of thyroid hormones is what in children

A

Cretinism

(absence / deficiency

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26
Q

Hypo secretion of thyroid hormones is what in adults

A

Thickening of skin, blunting of senses & intellect, labored breathing

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27
Q

What does calcitonin regulate

A

Calcium levels

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28
Q

What regulates calcitonin

A

Parathyroid glands

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29
Q

Hypo-secretion of calcitonin may be the result of what situations

A

Lack of iodine, surgical removal of the thyroid, radiation therapy

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30
Q

What time should we take replacement medication and how long will replacement therapy last

A

Take in the morning to prevent insomnia.

Replacement is lifelong

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31
Q

What do we evaluate in a patient who is taking long term steroid therapy

A

Weight gain, electrolyte imbalance, cardiac function, sodium and water retention

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32
Q

How do Glucocorticoid steroid act on the body

A

They are potent anti- inflammatory agents

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33
Q

What are the adverse effects of Glucococorticoid steroid

A

Buffalo hump & moon face

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34
Q

What do glucocorticoid steroids cause the kidney to do

A

Retention of sodium

35
Q

How may glucocorticoid steroids be administered

A

IM, IA, topically, oral

36
Q

What is the distinct method of dosing for glucocorticoid steroids

A

Alternate day therapy & declining dosage

37
Q

Can insulin be given orally

A

No

38
Q

What does insulin aid in utilizing

A

Glucose. for energy

39
Q

What is insulin used to convert

A

Glucose for energy

40
Q

What does insulin do to blood sugar

A

Lowers or decreases them

41
Q

List sources of insulin

A

Beef, pork, human recombinant DNA, human derivatives

42
Q

What life expectancies increase the need for insulin

A

Stress, pregnancy, illness, trauma

43
Q

How is insulin administered

A

Injection (preferred) & inhalation

44
Q

Are there variations in insulin per onset and course of action? If yes how do they vary?

A

Yes. some are rapid acting, moderate and long lasting, time of onset, peak of action, duration of action

45
Q

Insulin.

Name DNA derivatives

A

Humulin, novalin, lantus

46
Q

Insulin.

Name animal derivatives

A

Iletin & purified

47
Q

Insulin.

Name a modified derivative and list why it is the preferred insulin

A

Humalogy - because is from human form, less antigenic

48
Q

Insulins.

List the types from shortest to longest onset of action

A

Lispro-Humalog
Regular
NPH/Lente
Untralente, Lantus

49
Q

Insulins.

List the types from shortest to longest duration of action

A 
Lispro-Humalog
Regular
NPH/Lente
Untralente
Lantus
50
Q

How do we store pre filled syringes

A

Vertically with the needle up to prevent clogging and refrigerated

51
Q

How long can regular insulin be stored at room temperature

A

2-4 weeks

52
Q

Which insulins need to be discarded of cloudy

A

Lispro, Lantus, regular

53
Q

List the signs and symtoms of Hypoglycemia / insulin shock

A

Sudden onset, pale moist skin, fast pulse, no change in BP, shallow respirations

54
Q

List the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia / diabetic coma

A

Dry flushed skin, fruity breath, intense thirst, low BP, fast weak pulse

55
Q

List the insulin delivery systems

A

Pen w/cartridge, jet injecter, portable insulin pump, intransal spray, patch, inhaled powders

56
Q

What are the most common side effects to insulin

A

Hypoglycemia, blurred vision

57
Q

Does smoking delay absorption of insulin

A

Yes

58
Q

Insulin.

OTC preps cause problems in

A

DM patients

59
Q

Does pregnancy increase the need for insulin

A

Yes

60
Q

Insulin.

What do we worry about with diabetics and OTC preps

A

Sugar content

61
Q

Does pregnancy increase or decrease the need for insulin

A

Increases

62
Q

How long should a patient wait after insulin administration to smoke and why?

A

At least 30 mins because smoke delays absorption

63
Q

DM1 patients are most frequently given what med for treatment

A

Insulin

64
Q

DM2 patients are most frequently given what meds for treatment

A

Sulfonylureas

65
Q

How do anti-diabetic meds work

A

They enter the beta-cells, causing release of insulin, thereby lowering blood sugar levels

66
Q

Do DM2 patients secrete any endogenous insulin

A

Yes

67
Q

What is the goal of treatment

A

To keep blood glucose levels in check

68
Q

Other than meds, what is important to teach the diabetic patient about their treatment of DM

A

Lifestyle and diet change

69
Q

Sulfonylureas are derivatives of what

A

Sulfonamide antibiotics

70
Q

Do sulfonylureas have various times of onsets and durations

A

Yes & yes

71
Q

How do sulfonylureas work on the body

A

They enter the beta cells, causing release of insulin in the pancreas, lowering blood sugars

72
Q

What effect of sulfonylureas is most severe in the elderly, debilitated, or malnourished patient

A

Hypoglycemia

73
Q

How do thiazolidinediones or glitazones work NIDDM

A

Increase activity

they work with NIDDM that may not respond to other meds

74
Q

What kind of DM are thiazolidinediones useful in

A

Type 2

insulin resistant

75
Q

What are the side effects of thiazolidinediones

A

Headache edema & weight gain

76
Q

Do thiazolidinediones cause hypoglycemia

A

No

77
Q

How might avandia & actos interact with oral contraceptives

A

30% loss of contraception protection

78
Q

Hyperglycemics are used for what diseases

A

Pancreatic cancer

79
Q

What are the side effects of Hyperglycemics

A

Constipation, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea vomiting, heart conditions

80
Q

What do we teach patients about insulin injection sites

A

Rotate

81
Q

What does thyroid replacement therapy do in patients who also have DM

A

Levels need to be monitored

82
Q

What must be done prior to discontinuing prolonged steroid use

A

Administer declining dosages, then taper off

83
Q

What are the increased risks of steroid use with the digitalis group and NSAIDs

A

Increased digoxin toxicity, increased bleeding tendencies, & increased ulcers

84
Q

How do target hormones respond to target organs

A

They go to the organ and attach to it.

85
Q

What endocrine organ controls target hormones

A

The hypothalamus

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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