Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
_____________ is defined as blood glucose levels rising as high as 300 to 750 mg/dL.
Hyperglycemia
The healthcare specialty that studies the glands, hormones, and hormonal effects on the body is called
endocrinology.
The _________ gland is located deep within the brain and secretes the hormone melatonin.
pineal
Which gland is located in the mediastinum above the heart?
Thymus gland
The _____________, located in the middle of the brain, is the major connection between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
A rare condition that occurs when the hypothalamus and/or posterior pituitary do not produce or release adequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone is called
diabetes insipidus.
What disease involves a malfunction of the adrenal cortex resulting in increased levels of cortisol?
Cushing disease
Which gland when stimulated by TSH produces two hormones that regulate the metabolism of the body and its normal growth and development?
Thyroid gland
A steady state that is created by all the body systems working together to provide a consistent and unvarying internal environment is called
homeostasis.
a specialist involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of endocrine disorders.
Endocrinologist
A chemical substance that separates into ions in solution (water) and is capable of conducting an electric current.
Electrolyte
The internal environment of the body that is compatible with life.
- A steady state that is created by all the body systems working together to provide a consistent and unvarying internal environment.
Homeostasis
A cell selectively affected by a specific agent, such as a drug, hormone, or virus.
Target cell
located in the middle of the brain.
- the major connection for the neuroendocrine system.
Hypothalamus
responsible for the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
-stored and secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
“master gland”
- composed of two lobes , anterior lobe and the posterior lobe
Pituitary gland / Hypophysis
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) hormones : (6)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Growth hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Prolactin
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) hormones : (2)
- Antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
- Oxytocin
A process in which a change causes a response that enhances that change. (reoccurring)
positive feedback loop
a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck above the collarbone
Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland produces, stores, and secretes: (3)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Calcitonin
four pea-sized glands located on the back side of the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands
- Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Secreted when blood calcium levels are decreased
Parathyroid glands
- located on the top of each kidney.
Adrenal glands
what is the outer & inner parts of the adrenal gland ?
- The outer part of the gland is the adrenal cortex
- The inner part is called the adrenal medulla
produces cortical hormones, also called steroids.
Adrenal cortex
Hormones of the Adrenal cortex : (3)
- Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocorticoids
- Gonadocorticoids
secretes nonsteroid hormones
Adrenal medulla
nonsteroid hormones Adrenal medulla produces : (2)
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- located inferior and posterior to the stomach.
- releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine through pancreatic ducts.
Pancreas
releases hormones into the blood
endocrine gland
releases secretions through ducts
exocrine gland
pancreas producing hormones: (4)
- Glucagon
- Insulin
- Somatostatin
- Ghrelin
A process in which a change from the normal ranges causes a response that opposes or decreases the change, helping to maintain homeostasis. (non reoccurring)
negative feedback loop
- in the mediastinum behind the sternum
- These hormones stimulate the production and maturity of T cells
Thymus gland
What hormones do the Thymus gland produce? (2)
- thymosin
- thymopoietin
considered the primary sex organs
Gonads
Secrete testosterone, which stimulates the development of male sexual characteristics.
- Also promotes sperm production and muscle development.
Testes
produce estrogen and progesterone.
- Estrogen stimulates the development of breasts and other female sexual characteristics.
Ovaries
what gland is located deep within the brain?
Pineal gland
what hormone does the pineal gland produce ?
melatonin
what is the goal of hormone regulation ?
to maintain homeostasis.
three mechanisms of hormone regulation
- Nervous system regulation
- Endocrine control regulation
- Feedback system regulation
Each hormone released into the bloodstream has specific target cells for action.
- they have receptors that attract only certain hormones.
Target Cells
Hormone Actions : (2)
- Nonsteroid hormones
- Steroid hormones
- made up of protein or amino acids.
- This type of hormone attaches to a target cell membrane.
Nonsteroid hormones
small lipid-soluble molecules that attach to a target cell membrane and then pass directly into the target cell.
Steroid hormones
also known as tissue hormones.
Prostaglandins
- true or false
The endocrine system uses the circulatory system to send messengers
true
Aldosterone regulates ..
sodium and water balance
The medical term that mean continuous muscle spasms
tetany
What type of medication is used to treat Addison’s disease
Corticosteroids
means a deposit buildup on the arterial walls and decreases the elasticity of the walls.
Arteriosclerosis
- true or false
Adrenal glands are located below the kidneys
false, above
What hormone stimulates breast milk production
prolactin
Which disease means excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone
graves disease
Parathyroid glands helps to regulate ____ in the blood
calcium
Hypophys/o is a combining form for the ..
pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone is also known as ..
vasopressin
Hypersecretion of cortisol would be a sign of ___ disease
cushing disease
This gland helps to regulate metabolism
thyroid gland
crin/o is the combining form that means?
secrete
____ are chemical messengers used by the endocrine system to regulate our body functions.
hormones
______ is a condition of excessive ketone acids in the bloodstream
Ketoacidosis
This hormone is secreted by the pancreas & inhibits the secretion of the growth hormone.
Somatostatin
Total calcium may be used to diagnosis?
Parathyroid Function
A _____ is an enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter
Blood test that is used to assess thyroid hormones & evaluate abnormalities of thyroid function is called…
TFT
Which hormone stimulates the development of breasts & female secondary sexual characteristics
estrogen
What is associated with diabetic retinopathy?
Damages the blood vessels in the retina, leading to loss of vision & Eventual Blindness
How often would a diabetic have to go for an A1c blood draw?
3 months
The medical term that means Deficiency of calcium in the blood?
Hypocalcemia
Which test measures the glucose level in the blood after fasting?
FBS
What is the name of the medication that can be given to a patient that is having a low blood sugar
Glucagon
Radioactive iodine uptake scans are used to help diagnose ____
Hyperthyroidism
